Transformation system in the field of filamentous fungal hosts

ABSTRACT

A novel transformation system in the field of filamentous fungal hosts for expressing and secreting heterologous proteins or polypeptides is described. The invention also covers a process for producing large amounts of polypeptide or protein in an economical manner. The system comprises a transformed or transfected fungal strain of the genus Chrysosporium, more particularly of  Chrysosporium lucknowense  and mutants or derivatives thereof. It also covers transformants containing Chrysosporium coding sequences, as well expression-regulating sequences of Chrysosporium genes. Also provided are novel fungal enzymes and their encoding sequences and expression-regulating sequences.

REFERENCE TO PRIOR APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation-in-part of international application PCT/NL99/00618, filed Oct. 6, 1999, which is a continuation-in-part of international application PCT/EP98/06496, filed Oct. 6, 1998.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The subject invention pertains to a novel transformation system in the field of filamentous fungal hosts for expressing and secreting heterologous proteins or polypeptides. The invention also covers a process for producing large amounts of polypeptide in an economical manner. The system comprises a transformed or transfected fungal strain of the genus Chrysosporium, more particularly of Chrysosporium lucknowense and mutants or derivatives thereof It also covers transformants containing Chrysosporium coding sequences. Novel mutant Chrysosporium strains are disclosed as are novel enzymes derived therefrom. The subject invention further relates to novel enzymes derived from filamentous fungi, especially from strains of the genus Chrysosporium, and to coding sequences and expression-regulating sequences for these enzymes.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

A number of hosts for gene expression and methods of transformation have been disclosed in the prior art. Bacteria are often mentioned e.g. Escherichia coli. E. coli is however a micro-organism incapable of secretion of a number of proteins or polypeptides and as such is undesirable as host cell for production of protein or polypeptide at the industrial level. An additional disadvantage for E. coli, which is valid also for bacteria in general, is that prokaryotes cannot provide additional modifications required for numerous eukaryotic proteins or polypeptides to be produced in an active form. Glycosylation of proteins and proper folding of proteins are examples of processing required to ensure an active protein or polypeptide is produced. To ensure such processing one can sometimes use mammalian cells; however, the disadvantage of such cells is that they are often difficult to maintain and require expensive media. Such transformation systems are therefore not practical for production of proteins or polypeptides at the industrial level. They may be cost efficient for highly priced pharmaceutical compounds requiring relatively low amounts, but certainly not for industrial enzymes.

A number of fungal expression systems have been developed e.g. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus nidulans, Trichoderma reesei. A number of others have been suggested but for various reasons have not found wide-spread acceptance or use. In general terms the ideal host must fulfil a large number of criteria:

The ideal host must be readily fermented using inexpensive medium.

The ideal host should use the medium efficiently.

The ideal host must produce the polypeptide or protein in high yield, i.e. must exhibit high protein

The ideal host should be capable of efficient secretion of the protein or polypeptide.

The ideal host must enable ease of isolation and purification of the desired protein or polypeptide.

The ideal host must process the desired protein or polypeptide such that it is produced in an active form not requiring additional activation or modification steps.

The ideal host should be readily transformed.

The ideal host should allow a wide range of expression regulatory elements to be used thus ensuring ease of application and versatility.

The ideal host should allow use of easily selectable markers that are cheap to use.

The ideal host should produce stable transformants.

The ideal host should allow cultivation under conditions not detrimental to the expressed protein or polypeptide e.g. low viscosity, low shear.

Fungal systems that have not yet found widespread use are described e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,578,463 by Berka et al suggesting Neurospora, Podospora, Endothia, Mucor, Cochoibolus and Pyricularia together with Aspergillus and Trichoderma. However only illustrations of transformation and expression are provided for Aspergillus and Trichoderma and no details are provided for any of the other suggested hosts.

1 WO 96/02563 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,602,004, 5,604,129 and 5,695,985 to Novo Nordisk describe the drawbacks of Aspergillus and Trichoderma systems and suggests cultivation conditions for other fungi may be more suited to large scale protein production. The only examples provided for any transformed cultures are those of Myceliophthora thermophila, Acremonium alabamense, Thielavia terrestris and Sporotrichum cellulophilum strains. The Sporotrichum strain is reported to lyse and produce green pigment under fermentation conditions not leading to such results for the other strains. A non-sporulating mutant of Thielavia terrestris is described as being the organism of choice by virtue of its morphology. However it is also stated that the protoplasting efficiency of Thielavia and Acremonium (whereby the Acremonium strain used was the imperfect state of the Thielavia strain used) is low and that hygromycin was not useful as a selection marker. A large number of others are suggested as being potentially useful by virtue of their morphology but no transformation thereof is described. The suggested strains are Corynascus, Thermoascus, Chaetomium, Ctenomyces, Scytalidium and Talaromyces. The transformed hosts are mentioned as only producing low levels of the introduced Humicola xylanase with Thielavia producing the lowest amount; however, the information is ambiguous and could actually infer Thielavia was the best embodiment. The nomenclature of this reference is based on the ATCC names of Industrial Fungi of 1994. Thus it is apparent no high degree of heterologous expression was achieved and in fact no positive correlation could be derived between the postulated morphology and the degree of expression. If any correlation could be made, it was more likely to be negative. According to the 1996 ATCC fungal classification Sporotrichum thermophilum ATCC 20493 is a Myceliophthora thermophila strain. Currently the strain is still identified as Myceliophthora thermophila. The unpredicatability of the art is apparent from these recent disclosures.

Also Allison et al (Curr. Genetics 21:225-229, 1992) described transformation of Humicola grisea var. thermoidea using the lithium acetate method and a Humicola enzyme-encoding sequence, but no report of expression of heterologous protein from such a strain has been provided.

In 1997 a patent issued to Hawaii Biotechnology Group for transformed Neurospora for expression of mammalian peptide such as chymosin. The transformation of auxotrophic Neurospora crassa occurred with spheroplasts. Endogenous transcriptional regulatory regions were introduced and cotransformation was carried out. Nothing is mentioned concerning other hosts and other transformation protocols. Nothing is apparent from the disclosure concerning the degree of expression. It is doubtful whether the degree of expression is high, as immunotechniques (which are useful for detecting small amounts of protein) are the only techniques used to illustrate the presence of the protein. No actual isolation of the protein is disclosed.

WO 97/26330 of Novo Nordisk suggests a method of obtaining mutants of filamentous fungal parent cells having an improved property for production of heterologous polypeptide. The method comprises first finding a specific altered morphology followed by assessing whether a transformant produces more heterologous polypeptide than the parent. The method is illustrated only for strains of Fusarium A3/5 and Aspergillus oryzae. The method is suggested to be applicable for Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Thielavia, Fusarium, Neurospora, Acremonium, Tolyplocadium, Humicola, Scytalidium, Myceliophthora or Mucor. As stated above the unpredictability in the art and also the unpredictability of the method of the cited application do not provide a generally applicable teaching with a reasonable expectation of success.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

We now describe an alternative fungal expression system with the simplicity of use of the above-mentioned Aspergillus and Trichoderma fulfilling the above requirements. The new system has not been taught or suggested in the prior art. The new system according to the invention provides the additional advantages that transformation rates are higher than those for the frequently used Trichoderma reesei system. In addition the culture conditions offer the additional bonus of being advantageous for the expressed polypeptide.

We further describe a number of industrially interesting enzymes derived from the novel expressing system, together with full sequence information. We also describe novel promoter systems derived from Chrysosporium strains and useful for expressing homologous and heterologous genes.

The present invention is thus also concerned with glycosyl hydrolases of the families 7 (e.g. cellobiohydrolases), 10 (e.g. xylanases) and 12 (e.g. endoglucanases), and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenases, as identified by their amino acid sequence, as well as peptides derived from these enzymatic proteins, and with nucleic acid sequences encoding these peptides and proteins, as well as, in particular, with regulating sequences related to these genes.

In particular, the present invention pertains to isolated or recombinant enzymic proteins or active parts thereof of the four classes referred to above, including mutants thereof having at least a certain degree of sequence identity as specified in the further disclosure and in the claims, as well as nucleic acid sequences encoding these proteins or parts thereof, and/or nucleic acid sequences regulating their expression. These enzymes are especially: (1) a glycosyl hydrolase of family 7 (cellobiohydrolase, CBH1) having at least 75%, preferably at least 80% or even at least 85% amino acid identity with the sequence of SEQ ID No 1; (2) a glycosyl hydrolase of family 10 (endoxylanase XYLF or XYL1) having at least 70%, preferably at least 75% or even at least 80% amino acid identity with the sequence of SEQ ID No 2; (3) a glycosyl hydrolase family of 12 (endoglucanase, EG3) having at least 65%, preferably at least 70% or even at least 80% amino acid identity with the sequence of SEQ ID No. 3; and (4) a glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD1) having at least 86%, preferably at least 90% or even at least 93% amino acid identity with the sequence of SEQ ID No 4. Polypeptides and nucleic acid sequences encoding these polypeptides, having at least 20, preferably at least 30 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID No's 1-4 are also a preferred part of the invention.

The recombinant enzymes may comprise essentially the complete protein, or a truncated protein having at least part of the enzymatic activity. Such truncated part may be the catalytic domain, or at least about 75% of the amino acids thereof. By way of example, the catalytic domain of the CBH1 according to the invention comprises the aminoacids 20-495 of the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID No. 1, and the catalytic domain of the XYL1 according to the invention comprises the aminoacids 54-384 of the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID No. 2. The catalytic domain may or may not be combined with a signal sequence originating from another protein and/or with a carbohydrate-binding domain from another enzymic protein. Alternatively, the cellulose-binding domain of the enzymes of the invention (CBH1 and XYL1) may be fused to catalytic domains of other enzymic proteins.

The nucleic acid sequences according to of the invention may be complete protein-encoding regions or oligonucleotides or, preferentially, expression-regulatingsequences. Oligonucleotides may be used also as probes for identifying genes corresponding to, but not identical to the genes of SEQ ID No.'s 1-4; these genes, when fulfilling the percentage identity criteria defined herein, as well as encoding and non-encoding parts thereof and their expression products are also part of the invention.

The invention also pertains to expression systems (cassettes) comprising either an expression-regulatingregion (including a promoter) of any of the four protein classes fused to a gene encoding another protein of interest, or an encoding region of any of these proteins fused to another expression regulating region, or both the expression-regulatingregion and the protein-encoding region of these novel proteins. The expression-regulating region comprises at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75% or even 80% of the 5′-non-coding region of SEQ ID No.'s 1-4, and/or at least 20, especially at least 40 contiguous nucleotides from these 5′ non-coding regions. Terminating sequences similarly derived from the 3″ non-coding regions of the genes of the invention are also useful in expressing cassettes, whether combined with homologous or heterologous genes.

These expression systems may be contained in a Chrysosporium host, such as a Chrysosporium lucknowense host, or in another non-fungal or, preferably, fungal host. Examples of other fungal hosts are other Chrysosporium species or strains, Fusarium species, Aspergillus species etc. Such host may be advantageously a host that does not itself, intrinsically or as a result of the culture conditions, produce a protein corresponding to the protein of interest, so as to simplify the recovery of the protein of interest.

Where reference is made in this specification and in the appending claims to “polypeptides” or “peptides” or “polypeptides of interest” or “peptides of interest” as the products of the expression system of the invention, this term also comprise proteins, i.e. polypeptides having a particular function and/or secondary and/or tertiary structure. Where reference is made to percentage amino acid identity, such identity relates to e complete protein or a to a specific part defined by initial and final amino acid number, as determined by the conventionally used BLAST algorithm.

In the production method of the invention, the pH of the culture medium can be neutral or alkaline thus no longer subjecting the produced protein or polypeptide to aggressive and potentially inactivating acid pH. It is also possible to culture at acid pH such as pH 4 for cases where the protein or polypeptide is better suited to an acidic environment. Suitably culture can occur at a pH between 4.0-10.0. A preference however exists for neutral to alkaline pH as the host strain exhibits better growth at such pH, e.g. between 6 and 9. Growth at alkaline pH which can be from pH 8 up and can even be as high as 10 is also a good alternative for some cases. Also the cultivation temperature of such host strains is advantageous to the stability of some types of produced polypeptide. The cultivation temperature is suitably at a temperature of 25-43° C. A temperature in the range from 40° C. down to 23° C. or 30° C. is also advantageously applied. Clearly such conditions are of particular interest for production of mammalian polypeptides. The selected temperature will depend on cost effectiveness of the cultivation and sensitivity of the polypeptide or cultivation strain. The conditions will be determined by the skilled person without undue burden on a case-by-case basis, as is common in the art.

It has also been ascertained that the biomass to viscosity relation and the amount of protein produced is exceedingly favourable for the host according to the invention. Comparisons have been carried out with Trichoderma longibrachiatum (formerly also known as Trichoderma reesei) and with Aspergillus niger. Trichoderma longibrachiatum gave 2.5-5 g/l biomass, Aspergillus niger gave 5-10 g/l biomass and the host according to the invention gave 0.5-1 g/l biomass under their respective optimised conditions. This thus offers 5-10 fold improvement over the commercially used strains. These commercial strains are strains which themselves are considered in the art to be high producers of proteins and they are successfully used for commercial protein production. They have been cultured under their optimal conditions developed and run viably in large-scale commercial fermenters. The same strains were used to illustrate enormous improvement in viscosity values for cultures of the host according to the invention. At the end of the fermentation process Trichoderma longibrachiatum gave a value of 200-600 cP (Centipoise), Aspergillus niger gave a value of 1500-2000 cP and the host according to the invention gave a value below 10 cP. This thus provides at least 20-200 fold improvement for viscosity values over the commercially used strains. A quite surprising further aspect was that the protein levels determined for the host cells according to the invention were much higher than for the commercial Aspergillus and Trichoderma reesei strains, even with the above mentioned surprisingly low biomass and viscosity levels. In summary an easy to use versatile improved transformation system and expression system with improved culturing conditions has hereby been introduced. The strains according to the invention produce surprisingly higher protein levels under these improved conditions and in addition they do such in a shorter fermenter time.

The subject invention is directed at mutant Chrysosporium strains comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heterologous protein or polypeptide, said nucleic acid sequence being operably linked to an expression regulating region and optionally a secretion signal encoding sequence and/or a carrier protein encoding sequence. Preferably a recombinant strain according to the invention will secrete the polypeptide of interest. This will avoid the necessity of disrupting the cell in order to isolate the polypeptide of interest and also minimise the risk of degradation of the expressed product by other components of the host cell.

Chrysosporium can be defined by morphology consistent with that disclosed in Barnett and Hunter 1972, Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi, 3rd Edition of Burgess Publishing Company. Other sources providing details concerning classification of fungi of the genus Chrysosporium are known e.g. Sutton Classification (Van Oorschot, C.A.N. (1980) “A revision of Chrysosporium and allied genera” in Studies in Mycology No. 20 of the CBS in Baarn The Netherlands p1-36). CBS is one of the depository institutes of the Budapest Treaty. According to these teachings the genus Chrysosporium falls within the family Moniliaceae which belongs to the order Hyphomycetales. The criteria that can be used are the following:

1. Signs of Hyphomycetales Order:

Conidia are produced directly on mycelium, on separate sporogenous cells or on distinct conidiophores.

2. Signs of Moniliaceae Family:

Both conidia and conidiophores (if present) are hyaline or brightly coloured; conidiophores are single or in loose clusters.

3. Signs of Chrysosporium Corda 1833 Genus:

Colonies are usually spreading, white, sometimes cream-coloured, pale brown or yellow, felty and/or powdery. Hyphae are mostly hyaline and smooth-walled, with irregular, more or less orthotopic branching. Fertile hyphae exhibit little or no differentiation. Conidia are terminal and lateral, thallic, borne all over the hyphae, sessile or on short protrusions or side branches, subhyaline or pale yellow, thin- or thick-walled, subglobose, clavate, pyriform, orobovoid, 1-celled, rarely 2-celled, truncate. Intercalary conidia are sometimes present, are solitary, occasionally catenate, subhyaline or pale yellow, broader than the supporting hyphae, normally 1-celled, truncate at both ends. Chlamydospores are occasionally present.

Another source providing information on fungal nomenclature is ATCC (US). Their website may be accessed on the World Wide Web (HTTP protocol) at atcc.org. CBS also has a website located on the World Wide Web (HTTP protocol) at cbs.knaw.n1 providing relevant information. VKM in Moscow is also a reliable source of such information, located on the World Wide Web (HTTP protocol) at bdt.org.br.bdt.msdn.vkm/general. Another source is the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service website (located on an NT webserver rather than the World Wide Web) at ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases. All these institutions can provide teaching on the distinguishing characteristics of a Chrysosporium.

Strains defined as being of Myceliophthora thermophila are not considered to define Chrysosporium strains according to the definition of the invention. In the past there has been considerable confusion over the nomenclature of some Myceliophthora strains. Preferably the Chrysosporium according to the invention are those which are clearly distinguishable as such and cannot be confused with Myceliophthora, Sporotrichum or Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

The following strains are defined as Chrysosporium but the definition of Chrysosporium is not limited to these strains: C. botryoides, C. carmichaelii, C. crassitunicatum, C. europae, C. evolceannui, C. farinicola, C. fastidium, C. filiforme, C. georgiae, C. globiferum, C. globiferum var. articulatum, C. globiferum var. niveum, C. hirundo, C. hispanicum, C. holmii, C. indicum, C. inops, C. keratinophilum, C. kreiselii, C. kuzurovianum, C. lignorum, C. lobatum, C. lucknowense, C. lucknowense Garg 27K, C. medium, C. medium var. spissescens, C. mephiticum, C. merdarium, C. merdarium var. roseum, C. minor, C. pannicola, C. parvum, C. parvum var. crescens, C. pilosum, C. pseudomerdarium, C. pyriformis, C queenslandicum, C. sigleri, C. sulfureum, C. synchronum, C. tropicum, C. undulatum, C. vallenarense, C. vespertilium, C. zonatum.

C. lucknowense forms one of the species of Chrysosporium that have raised particular interest as it has provided a natural high producer of cellulase proteins (WO 98/15633 and related U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,381, as well as U.S. Pat. No. 6,015,707). The characteristics of this Chrysosporium lucknowense are:

Colonies attain 55 mm diameter on Sabouraud glucose agar in 14 days, are cream-coloured, felty and fluffy; dense and 3-5 mm high; margins are defined, regular, and fimbriate; reverse pale yellow to cream-coloured. Hyphae are hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, little branched. Aerial hyphae are mostly fertile and closely septate, about 1-3.5 μm wide. Submerged hyphae are infertile, about 1-4.5 μm wide, with the thinner hyphae often being contorted. Conidia are terminal and lateral, mostly sessile or on short, frequently conical protrusions or short side branches. Conidia are solitary but in close proximity to one another, 1-4 conidia developing on one hyphal cell, subhyaline, fairly thin- and smooth-walled, mostly subglobose, also clavate orobovoid, 1-celled, 2.5-11×1.5-6 μm, with broad basal scars (1-2 μm). Intercalary conidia are absent. Chlamydospores are absent. ATCC 44006, CBS 251.72, CBS 143.77 and CBS 272.77 are examples of Chrysosporium lucknowense strains and other examples are provided in WO 98/15633 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,381.

A further strain was isolated from this species with an even higher production capacity for cellulases. This strain is called C1 by its internal notation and was deposited with the International Depository of the All Russian Collection of micro-organisms of the Russian Academy of Sciences Bakrushina Street 8, Moscow, Russia 113184 on Aug. 29, 1996, as a deposit according to the Budapest Treaty and was assigned Accession Number VKM F-3500D. It is called Chrysosporium lucknowense Garg 27K. The characteristics of the C1 strain are as follows:

Colonies grow to about 55-66 mm diameter in size on potato-dextrose agar in about 7 days; are white-cream-coloured, felty, 2-3 μm high at the center; margins are defined, regular, fimbriate; reverse pale, cream-coloured. Hyphae are hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, little branched. Aerial hyphae are fertile, septate, 2-3 mm wide. Submerged hyphae are infertile. Conidia are terminal and lateral; sessile or on short side branches; absent; solitary, but in close proximity to one another, hyaline, thin- and smooth-walled, subglobose, clavate or obovoid, 1-celled, 4-10 μm. Chlamydo-spores are absent. Intercalary conidia are absent.

The method of isolation of the C1 strain is described in WO 98/15633 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,381. Strains exhibiting such morphology are included within the definition of Chrysosporium according to the invention. Also included within the definition of Chrysosporium are strains derived from Chrysosporium predecessors including those that have mutated somewhat either naturally or by induced mutagenesis. In particular the invention covers mutants of Chrysosporium obtained by induced mutagenis, especially by a combination of irradiation and chemical mutagenesis.

For example strain C1 was mutagenised by subjecting it to ultraviolet light to generate strain UV13-6. This strain was subsequently further mutated with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidineto generate strain NG7C-19. The latter strain in turn was subjected to mutation by ultraviolet light resulting in strain UV18-25. During this mutation process the morphological characteristics have varied somewhat in culture in liquid or on plates as well as under the microscope. With each successive mutagenesis the cultures showed less of the fluffy and felty appearance on plates that are described as being characteristic of Chrysosporium, until the colonies attained a flat and matted appearance. A brown pigment observed with the wild type strain in some media was also less prevalent in mutant strains. In liquid culture the mutant UV18-25 was noticeably less viscous than the wild type strain C1 and the mutants UV13-6 and NG7C-19. While all strains maintained the gross microscopic characteristics of Chrysosporium, the mycelia became narrower with each successive mutation and with UV18-25 distinct fragmentation of the mycelia could be observed. This mycelial fragmentation is likely to be the cause of the lower viscosity associated with cultures of UV18-25. The ability of the strains to sporulate decreased with each mutagenic step. The above illustrates that for a strain to belong to the genus Chrysosporium there is some leeway from the above morphological definition. At each mutation step production of cellulase and extracellular proteins has in addition also increased, while several mutations resulted in decrease of protease expression. Criteria with which fungal taxonomy can be determined are available from CBS, VKMF and ATCC for example.

In particular the anamorph form of Chrysosporium has been found to be suited for the production application according to the invention. The metabolism of the anamorph renders it extremely suitable for a high degree of expression. A teleomorph should also be suitably as the genetic make-up of the anamorphs and teleomorphs is identical. The difference between anamorph and teleomorph is that one is the asexual state and the other is the sexual state. The two states exhibit different morphology under certain conditions.

It is preferable to use non-toxic Chrysosporium strains of which a number are known in the art as this will reduce risks to the environment upon large scale production and simplify production procedures with the concomitant reduction in costs.

An expression-regulatingregion is a DNA sequence recognised by the host Chrysosporium strain for expression. It comprises a promoter sequence operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide to be expressed. The promoter is linked such that the positioning vis-à-vis the initiation codon of the sequence to be expressed allows expression. The promoter sequence can be constitutive or inducible. Any expression regulating sequence or combination thereof capable of permitting expression of a polypeptide from a Chrysosporium strain is envisaged. The expression regulating sequence is suitably a fungal expression-regulatingregion e.g. an ascomycete regulating region. Suitably the fungal expression regulating region is a regulating region from any of the following genera of fungi: Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Chrysosporium (preferred), Hansenula, Mucor, Pichia, Neurospora, Tolypocladium, Rhizomucor, Fusarium, Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Talaromyces or alternative sexual forms thereof like Emericella, Hypocrea e.g. the cellobiohydrolase promoter from Trichoderma, glucoamylase promoter from Aspergillus, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase promoter from Aspergillus, alcohol dehydrogenase A and alcohol dehydrogenase R promoter of Aspergillus, TAKA amylase promoter from Aspergillus, phosphoglycerate and cross-pathway control promoters of Neurospora, aspartic proteinase promoter of Rhizomucor miehei, lipase promoter of Rhizomucor miehei and beta-galactosidase promoter of Penicillium canescens. An expression regulating sequence from the same genus as the host strain is extremely suitable, as it is most likely to be specifically adapted to the specific host. Thus preferably the expression regulating sequence is one from a Chrysosporium strain.

We have found particular strains of Chrysosporium to express proteins in extremely large amounts and natural expression regulating sequences from these strains are of particular interest. These strains are internally designated as Chrysosporium strain C1, strain UV13-6, strain NG7C-19 and strain UV18-25. They have been deposited in accordance with the Budapest Treaty with the All Russian Collection (VKM) depository institute in Moscow. Wild type C1 strain was deposited in accordance with the Budapest Treaty with the number VKM F-3500 D, deposit date Aug. 29, 1996, C1 UV13-6 mutant was deposited with number VKM F-3632 D, and deposit date Sep. 02, 1998, C1 NG7c-19 mutant was deposited with number VKM F-3633 D and deposit date Sep. 02, 1998 and C1 UV18-25 mutant was deposited with number VKM F-3631 D and deposit date Sep. 02, 1998.

Preferably an expression-regulating region enabling high expression in the selected host is applied. This can also be a high expression-regulatingregion derived from a heterologous host, such as are well known in the art. Specific examples of proteins known to be expressed in large quantities and thus providing suitable expression regulating sequences for the invention are without being limited thereto hydrophobin, protease, amylase, xylanase, pectinase, esterase, beta-galactosidase, cellulase (e.g. endo-glucanase, cellobiohydrolase) and polygalacturonase. The high production has been ascertained in both solid state and submerged fermentation conditions. Assays for assessing the presence or production of such proteins are well known in the art. The catalogues of Sigma and Megazyme for example provide numerous examples. Megazyme is located at Bray Business Park, Bray, County Wicklow in Ireland. Sigma Aldrich has many affiliates world wide e.g. USA P.O. Box 14508 St. Louis Mo. For cellulase we refer to commercially available assays such as CMCase assays, endoviscometric assays, Avicelase assays, beta-glucanase assays, RBBCMCase assays, Cellazyme C assays. Xylanase assays are also commercially available (e.g. DNS and Megazyme). Alternatives are well known to a person skilled in the art and can be found from general literature concerning the subject and such information is considered incorporated herein by reference. By way of example we refer to “Methods in Enzymology Volume 1, 1955 right through to volumes 297-299 of 1998. Suitably a Chrysosporium promoter sequence is applied to ensure good recognition thereof by the host.

We have found that heterologous expression-regulating sequences work as efficiently in Chrysosporium as native Chrysosporium sequences. This allows well known constructs and vectors to be used in transformation of Chrysosporium as well as offering numerous other possibilities for constructing vectors enabling good rates of expression in this novel expression and secretion host. For example standard Aspergillus transformation techniques can be used as described for example by Christiansen et al in Bio/Technol. 6:1419-1422 (1988). Other documents providing details of Aspergillus transformation vectors, e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,816,405, 5,198,345, 5,503,991, 5,364,770 and 5,578,463, EP-B-215.594 (also for Trichoderma) and their contents are incorporated by reference. As extremely high expression rates for cellulase have been ascertained for Chrysosporium strains, the expression regulating regions of such proteins are particularly preferred. We refer for specific examples to the previously mentioned deposited Chrysosporium strains.

A nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleic acid expression regulatory region from Chrysosporium, preferably from Chrysosporium lucknowense or a derivative thereof forms a separate embodiment of the invention as does the mutant Chrysosporium strain comprising such operably linked to a gene encoding a polypeptide to be expressed. Suitably such a nucleic acid construct will be an expression regulatory region from Chrysosporium associated with cellulase or xylanase expression, preferably cellobiohydrolase expression, more specifically expression of a 55 kDa cellobiohydrolase. The Chrysosporium promoter sequences of an endoglucanase of 25 kDa (C1-EG5) and of an endo-glucanase of 43 kDa (C1-EG6), wherein the molecular weights are determined according to SDS PAGE (with the molecular weights according to amino acid sequence data being 21.9 kDa and 39.5 kDa), are provided by way of example. Thus, the Chrysosporium promoter sequences of hydrophobin, protease, amylase, xylanase, esterase, pectinase, beta-galactosidase, cellulase (e.g. endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase)and polygalacturonase are considered to also fall within the scope of the invention. Any of the promoters or regulatory regions of expression of enzymes disclosed in Table A or B can be suitably employed. The nucleic acid sequence according to the invention can suitably be obtained from a Chrysosporium strain according to the invention, such strain being defined elsewhere in the description. The manner in which promoter sequences can be determined are numerous and well known in the art. Nuclease deletion experiments of the region upstream of the ATG codon at the beginning of the relevant gene will provide such sequence. Also for example analysis of consensus sequences can lead to finding a gene of interest. Using hybridisation and amplification techniques one skilled in the art can readily arrive at the corresponding promoter sequences.

The promoter sequences of C1 endoglucanases were identified in this manner, by cloning the corresponding genes, and are given in SEQ ID No.'s 5 (EG5) and 6 (EG6), respectively. Other preferred promoters according to the invention are the 55 kDa cellobiohydrolase (CBH1) promoter and the 30 kDa xylanase (XylF) promoters, as the enzymes are expressed at high level by their own promoters. The corresponding promoter sequences can be identified in a straightforward manner by cloning as described below for the endoglucanase promoters, using the sequence information given in SEQ ID No. 1 (for CBH1) and SEQ ID No. 2 (for XylF), respectively. The promoters of the carbohydrate-degradingenzymes of Chrysosporium, especially C1 promoters, can advantageously be used for expressing desired polypeptides in a host organism, especially a fungal or other microbial host organism. Promoter sequences having at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, most preferably at least 80% nucleotide sequence identity with the sequence given in SEQ ID No's 1 and 2, or with the sequences found for other Chrysosporium genes, are part of the present invention.

For particular embodiments of the recombinant strain and the nucleic acid sequence according to the invention we also refer to the examples. We also refer for the recombinant strains to prior art describing high expression promoter sequences in particular those providing high expression in fungi e.g. such as are disclosed for Aspergillus and Trichoderma. The prior art provides a number of expression regulating regions for use in Aspergillus e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,726 of Novo and U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,358 of Unilever. The contents of such prior art are hereby incorporated by reference.

The hydrophobin gene is a fungal gene that is highly expressed. It is thus suggested that the promoter sequence of a hydrophobin gene, preferably from Chrysosporium, may be suitably applied as expression regulating sequence in a suitable embodiment of the invention. Trichoderma reesei and Trichoderma harzianum gene sequences for hydrophobin have been disclosed for example in the prior art as well as a gene sequence for Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus nidulans and the relevant sequence information is hereby incorporated by reference (Munoz et al, Curr. Genet. 1997, 32(3):225-230; Nakari-Setala T. et al, Eur. J Biochem. 1996 15:235 (1-2):248-255, M. Parta et al, Infect. Immun. 1994 62 (10):4389-4395 and Stringer M. A. et al. Mol. Microbiol. 1995 16(1):33-44). Using this sequence information a person skilled in the art can obtain the expression regulating sequences of Chrysosporium hydrophobin genes without undue experimentation following standard techniques as suggested already above. A recombinant Chrysosporium strain according to the invention can comprise a hydrophobin-regulatingregion operably linked to the sequence encoding the polypeptide of interest.

An expression regulating sequence can also additionally comprise an enhancer or silencer. These are also well known in the prior art and are usually located some distance away from the promoter. The expression regulating sequences can also comprise promoters with activator binding sites and repressor binding sites. In some cases such sites may also be modified to eliminate this type of regulation. Filamentous fungal promoters in which creA sites are present have been described. Such creA sites can be mutated to ensure the glucose repression normally resulting from the presence of the non-mutated sites is eliminated. Gist-Brocades' WO 94/13820 illustrates this principle. Use of such a promoter enables production of the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid sequence regulated by the promoter in the presence of glucose. The same principle is also apparent from WO 97/09438. These promoters can be used either with or without their creA sites. Mutants in which the creA sites have been mutated can be used as expression regulating sequences in a recombinant strain according to the invention and the nucleic acid sequence it regulates can then be expressed in the presence of glucose. Such Chrysosporium promoters ensure derepression in an analogous manner to that illustrated in WO 97/09438. The identity of creA sites is known from the prior art. Alternatively, it is possible to apply a promoter with CreA binding sites that have not been mutated in a host strain with a mutation elsewhere in the repression system e.g. in the creA gene itself, so that the strain can, notwithstanding the presence of creA binding sites, produce the protein or polypeptide in the presence of glucose.

Terminator sequences are also expression-regulating sequences and these are operably linked to the 3′ terminus of the sequence to be expressed. Any fungal terminator is likely to be functional in the host Chrysosporium strain according to the invention. Examples are A. nidulans trpC terminator (1), A. niger alpha-glucosidase terminator (2), A. niger glucoamylase terminator (3), Mucor miehei carboxyl protease terminator (U.S. Pat. No. 5,578,463) and the Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase terminator. Naturally Chrysosporium terminator sequences will function in Chrysosporium and are suitable e.g. CBH1 or EG6 terminator.

A suitable recombinant Chrysosporium strain according to the invention has the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed operably linked to a sequence encoding the amino acid sequence defined as signal sequence. A signal sequence is an amino acid sequence which when operably linked to the amino acid sequence of the expressed polypeptide allows secretion thereof from the host fungus. Such a signal sequence may be one normally associated with the heterologous polypeptide or may be one native to the host. It can also be foreign to both host and the polypeptide. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the signal sequence must be positioned in frame to permit translation of the signal sequence and the heterologous polypeptide. Any signal sequence capable of permitting secretion of a polypeptide from a Chrysosporium strain is envisaged. Such a signal sequence is suitably a fungal signal sequence, preferably an ascomycete signal sequence.

Suitable examples of signal sequences can be derived from yeasts in general or any of the following specific genera of fungi: Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Chrysosporium, Pichia, Neurospora Rhizomucor, Hansenula, Humicola, Mucor, Tolypocladium, Fusarium, Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Talaromyces or alternative sexual forms thereof like Emericella, Hypocrea. Signal sequences that are particularly useful are often natively associated with the following proteins a cellobiohydrolase, an endoglucanase, a beta-galactosidase,a xylanase, a pectinase, an esterase, a hydrophobin, a protease or an amylase. Examples include amylase or glucoamylase of Aspergillus or Humicola (4), TAKA amylase of Aspergillus oryzae, alpha-amylase of Aspergillus niger, carboxyl peptidase of Mucor (U.S. Pat. No. 5,578,463), a lipase or proteinase from Rhizomucor miehei, cellobiohydrolase of Trichoderma (5), beta-galactosidase of Penicillium canescens and alpha mating factor of Saccharomyces.

Alternatively the signal sequence can be from an amylase or subtilisin gene of a strain of Bacillus. A signal sequence from the same genus as the host strain is extremely suitable as it is most likely to be specifically adapted to the specific host thus preferably the signal sequence is a signal sequence of Chrysosporium. We have found particular strains of Chrysosporium to excrete proteins in extremely large amounts and naturally signal sequences from these strains are of particular interest. These strains are internally designated as Chrysosporium strain C1, strain UV13-6, strain NG7C-19 and strain UV18-25. They have been deposited in accordance with the Budapest Treaty as described elsewhere in this description. Signal sequences from filamentous fungi, yeast and bacteria are useful. Signal sequences of non-fungal origin are also considered useful, particularly bacterial, plant and mammalian.

A recombinant Chrysosporium strain according to any of the embodiments of the invention can further comprise a selectable marker. Such a selectable marker will permit easy selection of transformed or transfected cells. A selectable marker often encodes a gene product providing a specific type of resistance foreign to the non-transformed strain. This can be resistance to heavy metals, antibiotics and biocides in general. Prototrophy is also a useful selectable marker of the non-antibiotic variety. Non-antibiotic selectable markers can be preferred where the protein or polypeptide of interest is to be used in food or pharmaceuticals with a view to speedier or less complicated regulatory approval of such a product. Very often the GRAS indication is used for such markers. A number of such markers are available to the person skilled in the art. The FDA e.g. provides a list of such. Most commonly used are selectable markers selected from the group conferring resistance to a drug or relieving a nutritional defect e.g the group comprising amdS (acetamidase), hph (hygromycin phosphotransferase), pyrG (orotidine-5′-phosphatedecarboxylase), trpC (anthranilate synthase), argB (ornithine carbamoyltransferase), sC (sulphate adenyltransferase), bar (phosphinothricin acetyl-transferase), glufosinate resistance, niaD (nitrate reductase), a bleomycin resistance gene, more specifically Sh ble, sulfonylurea resistance e.g. acetolactate synthase mutation ilv1. Selection can also be carried out by virtue of cotransformation where the selection marker is on a separate vector or where the selection marker is on the same nucleic acid fragment as the polypeptide-encoding sequence for the polypeptide of interest.

As used herein the term heterologous polypeptide is a protein or polypeptide not normally expressed and secreted by the Chrysosporium host strain used for expression according to the invention. The polypeptide can be of plant or animal (vertebrate or invertebrate) origin e.g. mammalian, fish, insect, or micro-organism origin, with the proviso it does not occur in the host strain. A mammal can include a human. A micro-organism comprises viruses, bacteria, archaebacteria and fungi i.e. filamentous fungi and yeasts. Bergey's Manual for Bacterial Determinology provides adequate lists of bacteria and archaebacteria. For pharmaceutical purposes quite often a preference will exist for human proteins thus a recombinant host according to the invention forming a preferred embodiment will be a host wherein the polypeptide is of human origin. For purposes such as food production suitably the heterologous polypeptide will be of animal, plant or algal origin. Such embodiments are therefore also considered suitable examples of the invention. Alternative embodiments that are useful also include a heterologous polypeptide of any of bacterial, yeast, viral, archaebacterial and fungal origin. Fungal origin is most preferred.

A suitable embodiment of the invention will comprise a heterologous nucleic acid sequence with adapted codon usage. Such a sequence encodes the native amino acid sequence of the host from which it is derived, but has a different nucleic acid sequence, i.e. a nucleic acid sequence in which certain codons have been replaced by other codons encoding the same amino acid but which are more readily used by the host strain being used for expression. This can lead to better expression of the heterologous nucleic acid sequence. This is common practice to a person skilled in the art. This adapted codon usage can be carried out on the basis of known codon usage of fungal vis-à-vis non-fungal codon usage. It can also be even more specifically adapted to codon usage of Chrysosporium itself. The similarities are such that codon usage as observed in Trichoderma, Humicola and Aspergillus should enable exchange of sequences of such organisms without adaptation of codon usage. Details are available to the skilled person concerning the codon usage of these fungi and are incorporated herein by reference.

The invention is not restricted to the above mentioned recombinant Chrysosporium strains, but also covers a recombinant Chrysosporium strain comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a homologous protein for a Chrysosporium strain, said nucleic acid sequence being operably linked to an expression-regulatingregion and said recombinant strain expressing more of said protein than the corresponding non-recombinant strain under the same conditions. In the case of homologous polypeptide of interest such is preferably a neutral or alkaline enzyme like a hydrolase, a protease or a carbohydrate degrading enzyme as already described elsewhere. The polypeptide may also be acidic. Preferably the recombinant strain will express the polypeptide in greater amounts than the non-recombinant strain. All comments mentioned vis-à-vis the heterologous polypeptide are also valid (mutatis mutandis) for the homologous polypeptide cellulase.

Thus the invention also covers genetically engineered Chrysosporium strains wherein the sequence that is introduced can be of Chrysosporium origin. Such a strain can, however, be distinguished from natively occurring strains by virtue of for example heterologous sequences being present in the nucleic acid sequence used to transform or transfect the Chrysosporium, by virtue of the fact that multiple copies of the sequence encoding the polypeptide of interest are present or by virtue of the fact that these are expressed in an amount exceeding that of the non-engineered strain under identical conditions or by virtue of the fact that expression occurs under normally non-expressing conditions. The latter can be the case if an inducible promoter regulates the sequence of interest contrary to the non-recombinant situation or if another factor induces the expression than is the case in the non-engineered strain. The invention as defined in the preceding embodiments is not intended to cover naturally occurring Chrysosporium strains. The invention is directed at strains derived through engineering either using classical genetic technologies or genetic engineering methodologies.

All the recombinant strains of the invention can comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heterologous protein selected from carbohydrate-degrading enzymes (cellulases, xylanases, mannanases, mannosidases, pectinases, amylases, e.g. glucoamylases, -amylases, alpha- and beta-galactosidases, -and -glucosidases, -glucanases, chitinases, chitanases), proteases (endoproteases, amino-proteases, amino-and carboxy-peptidases, keratinases), other hydrolases (lipases, esterases, phytases), oxidoreductases (catalases, glucose-oxidases) and transferases (transglycosylases, transglutaminases, isomerases and invertases).

TABLE A pH range where enzymes retain activity and/or stability pH range retaining > 50% pH range retaining > 70% enzymatic activity enzymatic activity Stability RBB- RBB- (20 h, 50° C.) CMC CMC- Other CMC- CMC Other % from max Sample ase ase substrates ase ase substrates pH 7.5/8 30 Kd protease (alkaline) 30 kD — — 12.5 — — 12.0 — Xyl (alkaline) — — 10.0 — — 8.5 80 51 kD Xyl — — 8.0 — — 7.5 — 60 kD Xyl — — 9.5 — — 9.0 85 45 kD endo 7.0 8.0 — 6.5 7.0 — 75 55 kD endo 8.0 8.0 — 7.0 7.0 — 55 25 kD (21.8 kD*) endo 7.5 10.0 — 6.5 9.0 — 80 43 kD (39.6 kD*) endo 8.0 8.0 — 7.2 7.2 — — 45 kD, β-Gal/β-Gluc — — 6.8 — — 5.7 — 48 kD CBH with β-Gluc traces 5.2 7.5 8.0 5.0 6.8 — — 55 kD CBH 8.0 9.0 — 7.4 8.5 — 70 65 kD PGU — — 8.0 — — 7.3 — 90 kD protease — — 9.0 — — 9.0 — 100 kD esterase — — 9.0 — — 9.0 — *molecular weights (by MALDI) Note: all other molecular weights by SDS PAGE enzymes were taken in equal protein contents xyl = xylanase endo = endoglucanase gal = galactosidase gluc = glucosidase CBN = cellbiohydrolase PGU = polygalacturonase

TABLE B Activities of enzymes isolated from ultrafiltrate from 18-25 strain toward different substrates (pH 5), units/mg protein RBB- CMC- CMC pNP-a- pNP-b- MUF- CMC CMC 41 FP (visc) b-Glucan G G Cellobiose Avicel cellobioside Sample pI 50° C. 40° C. 40° C. 50° C. 40° C. 50° C. 40° C. 40° C. 40° C. 40° C. 40° C. 30 kD protease 8.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 — 0 0 0 0 30 kD Xyl 9.1 0.1 2 0.1 0.16 0.1 0 — 0 — 0 0 51 kD Xyl 8.7 0.1 4.2 — 0.19 — 0 — 0 — 0 0 60 kD Xyl 4.7 0 — — 0 — 0 — 0 — 0 0.14 45 kD endo 6 51 86 7.6 0.2 47 36 — 0 — 0.5 0 55 kD endo 4.9 47 94 7.7 0.3 39 25 — 0 — 0.5 0 25 kD (21.8 kD*) endo 4.1 19 15 3.9 0.3 11 3.8 — 0 0 0.05 0 43 kD (39.6 kD*) endo 4.2 0.43 0.2 0.1 0 0.2 0.2 — 0 0 0 0 45 kD a,b-Gal/b-Gluc 4.2 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0 0.4 0.06 0 0 48 kD CBH with b-Gluc 4.4 0.67 1.3 1.2 0.4 0.8 0.77 0 1.7 0.08 0 0.2 traces + glucono-d-lactone 0 55 kD CBH with b-Gluc 4.4 0.7 0.16 0.27 0.4 0.1 0.1 — 0.05 0.08 0.46 0.2 traces − glucono-d-lactone 0 0.14 65 kD PGU 4.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 — 0 0 0 0 90 kD protease 4.2 — — — — — — — — — — — 100 kD esterase 4.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 — 0 0 0 0 Poly- MUF- MUF- galacturonic MUF- Galacto- pNP-a- pNP-b- Dyed pNP lactoside xyloside Lactose Xylan acid glucoside mannan galactoside galactoside casein** butyrate Sample 40° C. 40° C. 40° C. 50° C. 50° C. 40° C. 50° C. 40° C. 40° C. 50° C. 60° C. 30 kD protease 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 0 30 kD Xyl 0 0 — 25 0 0 0 0 — 0 0 51 kD Xyl 0 0 — 19 0 0 0 0 — 0 0 60 kD Xyl 0.02 0.04 — 16.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 kD endo 0 0 — 1 — 0 1.8 0 — 0 0 55 kD endo 0 0 — 0 — 0 0.4 0 — 0 0 25 kD (21.8 kD*) 0 — 0 0.03 0 — 0 0 0 0 0 endo 43 kD (39.6 kD*) 0 — 0 0 0 — 0 0 0 0 0 endo 45 kD a,b-Gal/ 0 — 0.01 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0 1.7 b-Gluc 48 kD CBH with 0.36 — 0 0 0.1 0.4 0 0 0 0 2.3 b-Gluc traces + 0.36 glucono-d-lactone 55 kD CBH with 0.7 — 0 0.1 0 — 0 0 0 0 0 b-Gluc traces − 0.6 glucono-d-lactone 65 kD PGU 0 — 0 0 1 — 0 0 0 0 0 90 kD protease — — — — — — — — — 0.01 — 100 kD esterase 0 — 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 *molecular weights (by MALDI) **activity toward dyed casein was expressed in arbitrary units/mg

The most interesting products to be produced according to invention are cellulases, xylanases, pectinases, lipases and proteases, wherein cellulases and xylanases cleave beta-1,4-bonds, and cellulases comprise endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases and beta-glucosidases. These proteins are extremely useful in various industrial processes known in the art. Specifically for cellulases we refer e.g. to WO 98/15633 describing cellobiohydrolases and endoglucanases of use. The contents of said application are hereby incorporated by reference. We also refer to Tables A and B providing further details of interesting Chrysosporium proteins.

It was found according to the invention, that Chrysosporium mutants can be made that have reduced expression of protease, thus making them even more suitable for the production of proteinaceous products, especially if the proteinaceous product is sensitive to protease activity. Thus the invention also involves a mutant Chrysosporium strain which produces less protease than non-mutant Chrysosporium strain, for example less than C. lucknowense strain C1 (VKM F-3500 D). In particular the protease acitivity of such strains is less than half the amount, more in particular less than 30% of the amount produced by C1 strain. The decreased protease activity can be measured by known methods, such as by measuring the halo formed op skim milk plates or BSA degradation.

An embodiment of the invention that is of particular interest is a recombinant Chrysosporium according to the invention wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide of interest encodes a polypeptide that is inactivated or unstable at acid pH i.e. pH below 6, even below pH 5,5, more suitably even below pH 5 and even as low as or lower than pH 4. This is a particularly interesting embodiment, as the generally disclosed fungal expression systems are not cultured under conditions that are neutral to alkaline, but are cultured at acidic pH. Thus the system according to the invention provides a safe fungal expression system for proteins or polypeptides that are susceptible to being inactivated or are unstable at acid pH.

Quite specifically a recombinant strain as defined in any of the embodiments according to the invention, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide of interest encodes a protein or polypeptide exhibiting optimal activity and/or stability at a pH above 5, preferably at neutral or alkaline pH (i.e. above 7) and/or at a pH higher than 6, is considered a preferred embodiment of the invention. More than 50%, more than 70% and even more than 90% of optimal activities at such pH values are anticipated as being particularly useful embodiments. A polypeptide expressed under the cultivation conditions does not necessarily have to be active at the cultivation conditions, in fact it can be advantageous for it to be cultured under conditions under which it is inactive as its active form could be detrimental to the host. This is the case for proteases for example. What is however required is for the protein or polypeptide to be stable under the cultivation conditions. The stability can be thermal stability. It can also be stability against specific compositions or chemicals, such as are present for example in compositions or processes of production or application of the polypeptide or protein of interest. LAS in detergent compositions comprising cellulases or lipases, etc. is an example of a chemical often detrimental to proteins. The time periods of use in applications can vary from short to long exposure so stability can be over a varying length of time varying per application. The skilled person will be able to ascertain the correct conditions on a case by case basis. One can use a number of commercially available assays to determine the optimal activities of the various enzymatic products. The catalogues of Sigma and Megazyme for example show such. Specific examples of tests are mentioned elsewhere in the description. The manufacturers provide guidance on the application.

We have surprisingly found that a Chrysosporium strain that can be suitably used to transform or transfect with the sequence of interest to be expressed is a strain exhibiting relatively low biomass. We have found that Chrysosporium strains having a biomass two to five times lower than that of Trichoderma reesei when cultured to a viscosity of 200-600 cP at the end of fermentation and exhibiting a biomass of 10 to 20 times lower than that of Aspergillus niger when cultured to a viscosity of 1500-2000 cP under corresponding conditions, i.e. their respective optimal cultivation conditions can provide a high level of expression. This level of expression far exceeds that of the two commercial reference strains at a much lower biomass and at much lower viscosity. This means that the yield of expression of such Chrysosporium strains will be appreciably higher than from Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei. Such a transformed or transfected Chrysosporium strain forms a suitable embodiment of the invention.

We find a biomass of 0.5-1.0 g/l for Chrysosporium strain C1(18-25) as opposed to 2.5-5.0 g/l for Trichoderma reesei and 5-10 g/l of Aspergillus niger under the above described conditions. In the Examples we provide details of this process.

In a suitable embodiment a recombinant Chrysosporium strain according to the invention produces protein or polypeptide in at least the amount equivalent to the production in moles per liter of cellulase by the strain UV13-6 or C-19, and most preferably at least equivalent to or higher than that of the strain UV18-25 under the corresponding or identical conditions, i.e. their respective optimal cultivation conditions.

Unexpectedly we have also found that expression and secretion rates are exceedingly high when using a Chrysosporium strain exhibiting the mycelial morphology of strain UV18-25 i.e. fragmented short mycelia. Thus a recombinant strain according to the invention will preferably exhibit such morphology. The invention however also covers non-recombinant strains or otherwise engineered strains of Chrysosporium exhibiting this novel and inventive characteristic. Also covered by the invention is a recombinant Chrysosporium strain in any of the embodiments described according to the invention further exhibiting reduced sporulation in comparison to C1, preferably below that of strain UV13-6, preferably below that of NG7C-19, preferably below that of UV18-25 under equivalent fermenter conditions. Also covered by the invention is a recombinant Chrysosporium strain in any of the embodiments described according to the invention further exhibiting at least the amount of protein production ratio to biomass in comparison to C1, preferably in comparison to that of any of strains UV13-6, NG7C-19 and UV18-25 under equivalent fermenter conditions. The invention however also covers non-recombinant strains or otherwise engineered strains of Chrysosporium exhibiting this novel and inventive characteristic as such or in combination with any of the other embodiments.

Another attractive embodiment of the invention also covers a recombinant Chrysosporium strain exhibiting a viscosity below that of strain NG7C-19, preferably below that of UV18-25 under corresponding or identical fermenter conditions. The invention however also covers non-recombinant strains or otherwise engineered strains of Chrysosporium exhibiting this novel and inventive characteristic as such or in combination with any of the other embodiments. We have determined that the viscosity of a culture of UV18-25 is below 10 cP opposed to that of Trichoderma reesei being of the order 200-600 cP, with that of Aspergillus niger being of the order 1500-2000 cP under their respective optimal culture conditions at the end of fermentation. The process used for such determination is provided in the examples.

Viscosity can be assessed in many cases by visual monitoring. The fluidity of the substance can vary to such a large extent that it can be nearly solid, sauce like or liquid. Viscosity can also readily be ascertained by Brookfield rotational viscometry, use of kinematic viscosity tubes, falling ball viscometer or cup type viscometer. The yields from such a low viscosity culture are higher than from the commercial known higher viscosity cultures per time unit and per cell.

The processing of such low viscosity cultures according to the invention is advantageous in particular when the cultures are scaled up. The subject Chrysosporium strains with the low viscosity perform very well in cultures as large as up to 150,000 liter cultures. Thus any culture size up to 150,000 litres provides a useful embodiment of the invention. Any other conventional size of fermentation should be carried out well with the strains according to the invention. The reasoning behind this is that problems can arise in large scale production with the formation of aggregates that have mycelia that are too dense and/or are unevenly distributed. The media as a result cannot be effectively utilised during the culture thus leading to an inefficient production process in particular in large scale fermentations i.e. over 150,000 liters. Aeration and mixing become problematic leading to oxygen and nutrient starvation and thus reduced concentration of productive biomass and reduced yield of polypeptide during the culture and/or can result in longer fermentation times. In addition high viscosity and high shear are not desirable in commercial fermentation processes and in current commercial processes they are the production limiting factors. All these negative aspects can be overcome by the Chrysosporium host according to the invention which exhibits much better characteristics than Trichoderma reesei, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae that are commercially used in this respect i.e. exhibits better protein production levels and viscosity properties and biomass figures.

A Chrysosporium strain selected from C1, UV13-6, NG7C-19 and UV18-25 illustrates various aspects of the invention exceedingly well. The invention however also covers recombinant strains or otherwise engineered strains of Chrysosporium derived from the four deposited strains that also exhibit any of the novel and inventive characteristics as such or in combination. The deposit data for these strains have been presented elsewhere in the description. The invention also covers recombinant strains or otherwise engineered strains of Chrysosporium derived from the four deposited strains that also exhibit any of the novel and inventive characteristics as such or in combination. A Chrysosporium strain according to the invention also comprises a strain exhibiting under the corresponding culture conditions a biomass at least twice as low as that of Trichoderma reesei, suitably even more up to 5 times lower than that of Trichoderma reesei, specifically of a Trichoderma reesei exhibiting a viscosity of 200-600 cP as disclosed under the conditions of the examples. A Chrysosporium strain according to the invention also comprises a strain producing the polypeptide in at least the amount in moles per liter of cellulase by the strain C1, UV13-6, NG7C-19 or UV18-25 under the corresponding or identical conditions.

Chrysosporium strains according to the invention are further preferred if they exhibit optimal growth conditions at neutral to alkaline pH and temperatures of 25-43° C. A preference can exist for neutral and even for alkaline pH. Such production conditions are advantageous to a number of polypeptides and proteins, in particular those susceptible to attack by acidic pH or those that are inactive or unstable at low temperatures. It is however also an embodiment of the invention to include Chrysosporium strains that can be cultured at acidic pH as this can be useful for certain proteins and polypeptides. A suitable acidic pH lies from 7.0. An acidic pH lower than 6.5 is envisaged as providing a good embodiment of the invention. A pH around 5.0-7.0 is also a suitable embodiment. A neutral pH can be 7.0 or around 7 e.g. 6.5-7.5. As stated elsewhere the pH of optimal interest depends on a number of factors that will be apparent to the person skilled in the art. A pH higher than 7.5 is alkaline, suitably between 7.5-9.0 can be used.

When comparing data of strains according to the invention with other strains perhaps having other optimal conditions (e.g. Aspergillus and Trichoderma) for viscosity measurements, biomass determination or protein production comparisons should be made using the relevant optimal conditions for the relevant strain. This will be obvious to the person skilled in the art.

A Chrysosporium strain according to any of the above-mentioned embodiments of the invention, said strain further exhibiting production of one or more of the fungal enzymes selected from the carbohydrate-degrading enzymes, proteases, other hydrolases, oxidoreductase, and transferases mentioned above is considered a particularly useful embodiment of the invention. The most interesting products are specifically cellulases, xylanases, pectinases, lipases and proteases. Also useful as embodiment of the invention however is a Chrysosporium strain exhibiting production of one or more fungal enzymes that exhibit neutral or alkaline optimal stability and/or activity, preferably alkaline optimal stability and/or activity, said enzyme being selected from carbohydrate-degrading enzymes, hydrolases and proteases, preferably hydrolases and carbohydrate-degrading enzymes. In the case of non-recombinant Chrysosporium, such enzymes are suitably other than cellulase as disclosed in WO 98/15633. Enzymes of particular interest are xylanases, proteases, esterases, alpha galactosidases, beta-galactosidases, beta-glucanases and pectinases. The enzymes are not limited to the aforementioned. The comments vis-à-vis stability and activity elsewhere in the description are valid here also.

The invention also covers a method of producing a polypeptide of interest, said method comprising culturing a Chrysosporium strain in any of the embodiments according to the invention under conditions permitting expression and preferably secretion of the polypeptide and recovering the subsequently produced polypeptide of interest.

Where protein or polypeptide is mentioned, variants and mutants e.g. substitution, insertion or deletion mutants of naturally occurring proteins are intended to be included that exhibit the activity of the non-mutant. The same is valid vis-à-vis the corresponding nucleic acid sequences. Processes such as gene shuffling, protein engineering and directed evolution site directed mutagenesis and random mutagenesis are processes through which such polypeptides, variants or mutants can be obtained. U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409, U.S. Pat. No. 5,780,279 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,356 provide teaching of directed evolution. Using this process a library of randomly mutated gene sequences created for example by gene shuffling via error prone PCR occurs in any cell type. Each gene has a secretion region and an immobilising region attached to it such that the resulting protein is secreted and stays fixed to the host surface. Subsequently conditions are created that necessitate the biological activity of the particular polypeptide. This occurs for a number of cycles ultimately leading to a final gene with the desired characteristics. In other words a speeded up directed process of evolution. U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,192 also describes a process for obtaining DNA, RNA, peptides, polypeptides or protein by way of synthetic polynucleotide coupling stochastically generated sequences, introduction thereof into a host followed by selection of the host cell with the corresponding predetermined characteristic.

Another application of the method of the present invention is in the process of “directed evolution”, wherein novel protein-encoding DNA sequences are generated, the encoded proteins are expressed in a host cell, and those sequences encoding proteins having a desired characteristic are mutated and expressed again. The process is repeated for a number of cycles until a protein with the desired characteristics is obtained. Gene shuffling, protein engineering, error-prone PCR, site-directed mutagenesis, and combinatorial and random mutagenesis are examples of processes through which novel DNA sequences encoding exogenous proteins can be generated. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,223,409, 5,780,279 and 5,770,356 provide teaching of directed evolution. See also Kuchner and Arnold, Trends in Biotechnology, 15:523-530(1997); Schmidt-Dannert and Arnold, Trends in Biotech., 17:135-136 (1999); Arnold and Volkov, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 3:54-59 (1999); Zhao et al., Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2nd Ed., (Demain and Davies, eds.) pp. 597-604, ASM Press, Washington DC, 1999; Arnold and Wintrode, Encyclopedia of Bioprocess Technology: Fermentation, Biocatalysis, and Bioseparation, (Flickinger and Drew, eds.) pp. 971-987, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999; and Minshull and Stemmer, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 3:284-290.

An application of combinatorial mutagenesis is disclosed in Hu et al., Biochemistry. 1998 37:10006-10015. U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,192 describes a process for obtaining novel protein-encoding DNA sequences by stochastically generating synthetic sequences, introducing them into a host, and selecting host cells with the desired characteristic. Methods for effecting artificial gene recombination (DNA shuffling) include random priming recombination (Z. Shao, et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 26:681-683 (1998)), the staggered extension process (H. Zhao et al., Nature Biotech., 16:258-262 (1998)), and heteroduplex recombination (A. Volkov et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 27: e18 (1999)). Error-prone PCR is yet another approach (Song and Rhee, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:890-894 (2000)).

There are two widely-practiced methods of carrying out the selection step in a directed evolution process. In one method, the protein activity of interest is somehow made essential to the survival of the host cells. For example, if the activity desired is a cellulase active at pH 8, a cellulase gene could be mutated and introduced into the host cells. The transformants are grown with cellulose as the sole carbon source, and the pH raised gradually until only a few survivors remain. The mutanted cellulase gene from the survivors, which presumably encodes a cellulase active at relatively high pH, is subjected to another round of mutation, and the process is repeated until transformants that can grow on cellulose at pH 8 are obtained. Thermostable variants of enzymes can likewise be evolved, by cycles of gene mutation and high-temperature culturing of host cells (Liao et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:576-580(1986); Giver et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:12809-12813 (1998).

An alternative to the massively parallel “survival of the fittest” approach is serial screening. In this approach, individual transformants are screened by traditional methods, such as observation of cleared or colored zones around colonies growing on indicator media, colorimetric or fluorometric enzyme assays, immunoassays, binding assays, etc. See for example Joo et al., Nature 399:670-673 (1999), where a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase not requiring NADH as a cofactor was evolved by cycles of mutation and screening; May et al., Nature Biotech. 18:317-320 (2000), where a hydantoinase of reversed stereoselectivity was evolved in a similar fashion; and Miyazaki et al., J. Mol. Biol. 297:1015-1026(2000), where a thermostable subtilisin was evolved.

Standard cloning and protein or polypeptide isolation techniques can be used to arrive at the required sequence information. Parts of known sequences can be used as probes to isolate other homologues in other genera and strains. The nucleic acid sequence encoding a particular enzyme activity can be used to screen a Chrysosporium library for example. A person skilled in the art will realise which hybridisation conditions are appropriate. Conventional methods for nucleic acid hybridisation construction of libraries and cloning techniques are described in Sambrook et al (Eeds) (1989) In “Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual” Cold Spring Harbor, Press Plainview, N.Y., and Ausubel et al (Eds) “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” (1987) John Wiley and Sons, New York. The relevant information can also be derived from later handbooks and patents, as well as from various commercially available kits in the field.

In an alternative embodiment, said method comprises culturing a strain according to the invention under conditions permitting expression and preferably secretion of the protein or poly-peptide or precursor thereof and recovering the subsequently produced polypeptide and optionally subjecting the precursor to additional isolation and purification steps to obtain the polypeptide of interest. Such a method may suitably comprise a cleavage step of the precursor into the polypeptide or precursor of interest. The cleavage step can be cleavage with a Kex-2 like protease, any basic amino acid paired protease or Kex-2 for example when a protease cleavage site links a well secreted protein carrier and the polypeptide of interest. A person skilled in the art can readily find Kex-2-like protease sequences as consensus sequence details for such are available and a number of alternatives have already been disclosed e.g. furin.

Suitably in a method for production of the polypeptide according to any of the embodiments of the invention the cultivation occurs at pH higher than 5, preferably 5-10, more preferably 6-9. Suitably in such a method the cultivation occurs at a temperature between 25-43° C., preferably 30-40° C. The Chrysosporium strain used in the method according to the invention is quite suitably a recombinant Chrysosporium strain according to any of the embodiments disclosed. The method according to the invention in such a case can further be preceded by the step of production of a recombinant Chrysosporium strain according to the invention. The selection of the appropriate conditions will depend on the nature of the polypeptide to be expressed and such selection lies well within the realm of normal activity of a person skilled in the art.

The method of production of a recombinant Chrysosporium strain according to the invention is also part of the subject invention. The method comprises stably introducing a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heterologous or homologous polypeptide into a Chrysosporium strain, said nucleic acid sequence being operably linked to an expression regulating region, said introduction occurring in a manner known per se for transforming filamentous fungi. As stated above numerous references hereof are available and a small selection has been cited. The information provided is sufficient to enable the skilled person to carry out the method without undue burden. The method comprises introduction of a nucleic acid sequence comprising any of the nucleic acid elements described in the various embodiments of the recombinant Chrysosporium according to the invention as such or in combination.

By way of example the introduction can occur using the protoplast transformation method. The method is described in the examples. Alternative protoplast or spheroplast transformation methods are known and can be used as have been described in the prior art for other filamentous fungi. Details of such methods can be found in many of the cited references and are thus incorporated by reference. A method according to the invention suitably comprises using a non-recombinant strain of Chrysosporium according to the invention as starting material for introduction of the desired sequence encoding the polypeptide of interest.

The subject invention also covers a method of producing Chrysosporium enzyme, said method comprising culturing a Chrysosporium strain according to any of the embodiments of the invention as described above in or on a cultivation medium at pH higher than 5, preferably 5-10, more preferably 6-9, suitably 6-7.5, 7.5-9 as examples of neutral and alkaline pH ranges.

The subject invention also covers such a method using a cultivation medium at a temperature between 25-43° C., preferably 30-40° C. The combination of preferred pH and temperature is an especially preferred embodiment of the method of producing Chrysosporium enzyme according to the invention.

More in general the invention further covers a method of producing enzymes exhibiting neutral or alkaline optimal activity and/or stability, preferably alkaline optimal activity and/or stability. The preferred ranges vis-à-vis pH and optimal activity as well as assays with which to determine such have been provided elsewhere in the description. The enzyme should be selected from carbohydrate-degrading enzymes, proteases, other hydrolases, oxidoreductases, and transferases, as described above, said method comprising cultivating a host cell transformed or transfected with the corresponding enzyme-encoding nucleic acid sequence. Suitably such an enzyme will be a Chrysosporium enzyme. A suitable method such as this comprises production specifically of cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, lipase and protease, wherein cellulase and xylanase cleave -1,4-bonds and cellulase comprises endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase and -glucosidase. The method according to the invention can comprise cultivating any Chrysosporium host according to the invention comprising nucleic acid encoding such aforementioned enzymes. Suitably the production of non-recombinant Chrysosporium hosts according to the invention is directed at production of carbohydrate degrading enzymes, hydrolases and proteases. In such a case the enzyme is suitably other than a cellulase. Suitable examples of products to be produced are given in Tables A and B. Methods of isolating are analogous to those described in WO 98/15633 and are incorporated by reference.

The enzymes produced by Chrysosporium strains according to the invention are also covered by the invention. Enzymes of Chrysosporium origin as can be isolated from non-recombinant Chrysosporium strains according to the invention are also covered. They exhibit the aforementioned stability, activity characteristics. Suitably they are stable in the presence of LAS. In particular proteases with pI 4-9.5, proteases with a MW of 25-95 kD, xylanases with pI between 4.0 and 9.5, xylanases with MW between 25 and 65 kD, endoglucanases with a pI between 3.5 and 6.5, endo-glucanases with MW of 25-55 kDa, β-glucosidases, α,β-galactosidases with a pI of 4-4.5, β-glucosidases, α,β-galactosidases with a MW of 45-50 kDa, cellobiohydrolases of pI 4-5, cellobiohydrolases of MW 45-75 kDa, e.g. a MW of 55 kD and pI 4.4, polygalacturonases, with a pI of 4.0-5.0 polygalacturonase of 60-70 kDa, e.g. 65 kDa, esterases with a pI 4-5, and esterases with a MW of 95-105 kDa with the afore-mentioned stability, activity characteristics are claimed. The molecular weights (MW) are those determined by SDS-PAGE. The non-recombinant i.e. natively occurring enzyme is other than cellulase as disclosed in WO 98/15633. An enzyme as disclosed in WO 98/15633 is excluded. Enzymes according to the invention are represented by the enzymes of Table B. Enzymes with combinations of the pI values and molecular weights mentioned above are also covered.

The invention is also concerned with the (over)production of non-protein products by the mutant (recombinant) strains of the invention. Such non-protein products include primary metabolites such as organic acids, amino acids, and secondary such as antibiotics, e.g. penicillins and cephalo-sporins, and other therapeutics. These products are the result of combinations of biochemical pathways, involving several fungal genes of interest. Fungal primary and secondary metabolites and procedures for producing these metabolites in fungal organisms are well known in the art. Examples of the production of primary metabolites have been described by Mattey M., The Production of Organic Acids, Current Reviews in Biotechnology, 12, 87-132 (1992). Examples of the production of secondary metabolites have been described by Penalva et al. The Optimization of Penicillin Biosynthesis in Fungi, Trends in Biotechnology 16,483-489 (1998).

EXAMPLES Examples of Biomass and Viscosity Determinations

The following operating parameter data ranges have been determined for fungal fermentations using three different fungal organisms. The three fungal organisms compared are: Trichoderma longibrachiatum (formerly T. reesei), Aspergillus niger and Chrysosporium lucknowense (UV18-25).

Viscosity

Viscosity is determined on a Brookfield LVF viscometer using the small sample adapter and spindle number 31.

Turn the water-circulating pump on 5 minutes prior to viscometer use to equilibrate the waterjacket. The water bath temperature should be 30° C.

Obtain a fresh sample of fermentation broth and place 10 ml of the broth in the small sample spindle. Select the spindle speed to give a reading in the range 10-80. Wait four (4) minutes and take the reading from the viscometer scale. Multiply the reading by the factor given below to get the viscosity in centipoise (cP).

Spindle Speed Multiplication Factor 6 50 12 25 30 10 60 5

The following viscosity ranges have been determined for fermentations using the specified fungal organism using the above procedure:

Viscosity in cP T. longibrachiatum 200-600 A. niger 1,500-2,000 C. lucknowense (UV18-25) LT 10

Biomass

Biomass is determined by the following procedure:

Preweigh 55 cm filter paper (Whatman 54) in an aluminium weighing dish.

Filter 5.0 ml whole broth through the 5.5 cm paper on a Buchner funnel, wash the filter cake with 10 ml deionised water, place the washed cake and filter in a weighing pan and dry overnight at 60° C. Finish drying at 100° C. for 1 hour, then place in desiccator to cool.

Measure the weight of dried material. Total biomass (g/l) is equal to the difference between the initial and finals weights multiplied by 200.

The following biomass ranges have been determined for fermentations using the specified fungal organism using the above procedure:

Biomass in g/l T. longibrachiatum 2.5-5 A. niger   5-10 C. lucknowense (UV18-25) 0.5-1

Protein

Protein levels were determined using the BioRad Assay Procedure from Sigma Company. Protein levels were highest for the Chrysosporium.

The data presented above represent values determined 48 hours into the fermentation process until fermentation end; All values of Aspergillus and Trichoderma are for commercially relevant fungal organisms and reflect actual commercial data.

A fungal strain such as C. lucknowense (UV18-25) has the advantage that the low viscosity permits the use of lower power input and/or shear the in the fermentation to meet oxygen demands for those cases where shear stress on the product may be detrimental to productivity due to physical damage of the product molecule. The lower biomass production at high protein production indicates a more efficient organism in the conversion of fermentation media to product. Thus the Chrysosporium provides better biomass and viscosity data whilst also delivering at least as much protein, and in fact a lot more protein than the two commercially used systems which obviously are better than for typically deposited Aspergillus or Trichoderma reesei strains in general public collections.

The high protein production with low biomass concentration produced by C. lucknowense (UV18-25) would allow development of fermentation conditions with higher multiples of increase in biomass, if increasing biomass results in increased productivity, for the desired product before reaching limiting fermentation conditions. The present high levels of biomass and viscosity produced by the T. longibrachiatum and A. niger organisms restrict the increase of biomass as the present levels of biomass and viscosity are near limiting practical fermentation conditions.

Examples of Transformation Comparing Chrysosporium, Trichoderma and Tolypocladiumgeodes

Two untransformed Chrysosporium C1 strains and one Trichoderma reesei reference strain were tested on two media (Gs pH 6,8 and Pridham agar, PA, pH 6,8). To test the antibiotic resistance level spores were collected from 7 day old PDA plates. Selective plates were incubated at 32° C. and scored after 2.4 and 5 days. It followed that the C-1 strains NG7C-19 and UV18-25 clearly have a low basal resistance level both to phleomycin and hygromycin. This level is comparable to that for a reference T. reesei commonly used laboratory strain. Thus there is clear indication these two standard fungal selectable markers can be used well in Chrysosporium strains. Problems with other standard fungal selectable markers should not be expected.

Selection of Sh-ble (phleomycin-resistance) transformed Chrysosporium strains was succesfully carried out at 50 μg/ml. This was also the selection level used for T. reesei thus showing that differential selection can be easily achieved in Chrysosporium. The same comments are valid for transformed strains with hygromycin resistance at a level of 150 μg/ml.

TABLE C Gs (pH 6.8) Pridham Agar (PA,pH 6.8) NG7C-19 UV18-25 T.r.11D5 NG7C-19 UV18-25 T.r.11D5 Phleomycin 7.5 μg/ml 10 μg/ml 5-7.5 μg/ml 2.5 μg/ml 10 μg/ml 2.5 μg/ml Hygromycin 7.5-10 10 μg/ml 10 μg/ml 15 μg/ml 25 μg/ml 15 μg/ml μg/ml

The protoplast transformation technique was used on Chrysosporium based on the most generally applied fungal transformation technology. All spores from one 90 mm PDA plate were recovered in 8 ml IC1 and transferred into a shake flask of 50 ml IC1 medium for incubation for 15 hours at 35° C. and 200 rpm. After this the culture was centrifuged, the pellet was washed in MnP, brought back into solution in 10 ml MnP and 10 mg/ml Caylase C₃ and incubated for 30 minutes at 35° C. with agitation (150 rpm).

The solution was filtered and the filtrate was subjected to centrifugation for 10 minutes at 3500 rpm. The pellet was washed with 10 ml MnPCa²⁺. This was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 25° C. Then 50 microlitres of cold MPC was added. The mixture was kept on ice for 30 minutes whereupon 2.5 ml PMC was added. After 15 minutes at room temperature 500 microlitres of the treated protoplasts were mixed to 3 ml of MnR Soft and immediately plated out on a MnR plate containing phleomycin or hygromycin as selection agent. After incubation for five days at 30° C. transformants were analysed (clones become visible after 48 hours). Transformation efficiency was determined using 10 microgrammes of reference plasmid pAN8-1¹⁹. The results are presented in the following Table D.

TABLE D Transformation efficiency (using 10 g of reference plasmid pAN8-1) T. reesei NG7C-19 UV18-25 Viability 10⁶/200 μl 5 10⁶/200 μl 5 10⁶/200 μl Transformants 2500 10⁴ 10⁴ Per 200 μl Transformants per 10⁶ 2500 2000 2000 viable cells

The results show that the Chrysosporium transformants viability is superior to that of Trichoderma. The transformability of the strains is comparable and thus the number of transformants obtained in one experiment lies 4 times higher for Chrysosporium than for T. reesei. Thus the Chrysosporium transformation system not only equals the commonly used T. reesei system, but even outperforms it. This improvement can prove especially useful for vectors that are less transformation efficient than pAN8-1. Examples of such less efficient transformation vectors are protein carrier vectors for production of non-fungal proteins which generally yield 10 times fewer transformants.

A number of other transformation and expression vectors were constructed with homologous Chrysosporium protein encoding sequences and also with heterologous protein encoding sequences for use in transformation experiments with Chrysosporium. The vector maps are provided in the FIGS. 6-11.

The homologous protein to be expressed was selected from the group of cellulases produced by Chrysosporium and consisted of endoglucanase 6 which belongs to family 6 (MW 43 kDa) and the heterologous protein was endoglucanase 3 which belongs to family 12 (MW 25 kDa) of Penicillium.

pF6g comprises Chrysosporium endoglucanase 6 promoter fragment linked to endo-glucanase 6 signal sequence in frame with the endoglucanase 6 open reading frame followed by the endoglucanase 6 terminator sequence. Transformant selection is carried out by using cotransformation with a selectable vector.

pUT1150 comprises Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase promoter linked to endoglucanase 6 signal sequence in frame with the endoglucanase 6 open reading frame followed by the T. reesei cellobiohydrolase terminator sequence. In addition this vector carries a second expression cassette with a selection marker i.e. the phleomycin resistance gene (Sh-ble gene).

pUT1152 comprises Aspergillus nidulans glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase A promoter linked to endoglucanase 6 signal sequence in frame with the endoglucanase 6 open reading frame followed by the A. nidulans anthranilate synthase (trpC) terminator sequence. In addition this vector carries a second expression cassette with a selection marker i.e. the phleomycin resistance gene (Sh-ble gene).

pUT1155 comprises A. nidulans glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase A promoter linked to Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase signal sequence in frame with the carrier protein Sh-ble which in turn is linked in frame to the endoglucanase 6 open reading frame followed by the A. nidulans trpC terminator sequence. This vector uses the technology of the carrier protein fused to the protein of interest which is known to very much improve the secretion of the protein of interest.

pUT1160 comprises Aspergillus nidulans glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase A promoter linked to Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase signal sequence in frame with the carrier protein Sh-ble which in turn is linked in frame to the endoglucanase 3 open reading frame of Penicillium followed by the A. nidulans trpC terminator sequence.

pUT1162 comprises Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase promoter linked to endo-glucanase 3 signal sequence in frame with the endoglucanase 3 open reading frame of Penicillium followed by the T. reesei cellobiohydrolase terminator sequence. In addition this vector carries a second expression cassette with a selection marker i.e. the phleomycin resistance gene (Sh-ble gene).

Further examples of expression systems include a Chrysosporium endoglucanase 3 promoter fragment linked to endoglucanase 3 signal sequence in frame with the endoglucanase 3 open reading frame followed by the endoglucanase 3 terminator sequence. Transformant selection is carried out by using cotransformation with a selectable vector.

Another example is a Chrysosporium lucknowense cellobiohydrolase promoter linked to Penicillium endoglucanase 3 signal sequence in frame with the Penicillium endoglucanase 3 open reading frame followed by the Chrysosporium cellobiohydrolase terminator sequence. In addition this vector carries a second expression cassette with a selection marker i.e. the aceetamidase S gene (AmdS gene).

A further example comprises Chrysosporium glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 promoter linked to the Aspergillus niger glucoamylase signal sequence and the glucoamylase open reading frame fused to the human Interleukine 6 open reading frame. In addition this vector carries a second expression cassette with a selection marker i.e. the AmdS gene.

A still further example is a Aspergillus nidulans glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase A promoter linked to the endoglucanase 5 open reading frame followed by a Aspergillus nidulans terminator sequence.

TABLE E Comparative transformations Tested in liquid Vector Strain Transformation No of transf. culture PUT1150 UV18-25 selection phleo 285 5 T. geodes selection phleo 144 5 PUT1152 UV18-25 cotransformationpAN8.1 398 5 T. geodes cotransformationpAN8.1 45 4 PF6g UV18-25 cotransformationpAN8.1 252 6 T. geodes cotransformationpAN8.1 127 5 PUT1162 UV18-25 selection phleo >400 T. geodes Not done yet

Table E shows the results of transformation of both Chrysosporium UV18-25 and Tolypocladium geodes. The transformation protocol used is described in the section for heterologous transformation.

Examples of Heterologous and Homologous Expression of Chrysosporium Transformants

C1 strains (NG7C-19 and/or UV18-25) have been tested for their ability to secrete various heterologous proteins: a bacterial protein (Streptoalloteichus hindustanus phleomycin-resistanceprotein, Sh ble), a fungal protein (Trichoderma reesei xylanase II, XYN2) and a human protein (the human lysozyme, HLZ).

The details of the process are as follows:

[1] C1 secretion of Streptoalloteichushindustanus phleomycin-resistanceprotein (Sh ble).

C1 strains NG7C-19 and UV18-25 have been transformed by the plasmid pUT720 ¹. This vector presents the following fungal expression cassette:

Aspergillus nidulans_glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpdA) promoter²

A synthetic Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolaseI (cbh1) signal sequence^(1,3)

Streptoalloteichushindustanus phleomycin-resistancegene Sh ble⁴

Aspergillus nidulans tryptophan-synthase(trpC) terminator.⁵

The vector also carries the beta-lactamase gene (bla) and E. coli replication origin from plasmid pUC18⁶. The detailed plasmid map is provided in FIG. 2.

C1 protoplasts were transformed according to Durand et al. ⁷ adapted to C1 (media & solutions composition is given elsewhere): All spores from one 90 mm PDA plate of untransformed C1 strain were recovered in 8 mm IC1 and transferred into a shake flask with 50 ml IC1 medium for incubation 15 hours at 35° C. and 150 rpm. Thereupon, the culture was spun down, the pellet washed in MnP, resolved in 10 ml MnP+10 mg/ml Caylase C₃, and incubated 30 min at 35° C. with agitation (150 rpm). The solution was filtrated and the filtrate was centrifuged 10 min at 3500 rpm. The pellet was washed with 10 ml MnPCa²⁺. This was spun down 10 min at 3500 rpm and the pellet was taken up into 1 ml MnPCa²⁺. 10 μg of pUT720 DNA were added to 200 μl of protoplast solution and incubated 10 min at room temperature (^(˜)20° C.). Then, 50 μl of cold MPC was added. The mixture was kept on ice for 30 min whereupon 2.5 ml PMC was added. After 15 min at room temperature 500 μl of the treated protoplasts were mixed to 3 ml of MnR Soft and immediately plated out on a MnR plate containing phleomycin (50 μg/ml at pH6.5) as selection agent. After 5 days incubation at 30° C., transformants were analysed (clones start to be visible after 48 hours).

The Sh ble production of C1 transformants (phleomycin-resistant clones) was analysed as follows: Primary transformants were toothpicked to GS+phleomycin(5 μg/ml) plates and grown for 5 days at 32° C. for resistance verification. Each validated resistant clone was subcloned onto GS plates. Two subclones per transformant were used to inoculate PDA plates in order to get spores for liquid culture initiation. The liquid cultures in IC1 were grown 5 days at 27° C. (shaking 200 rpm). Then, the cultures were centrifuged (5000 g, 10 min.) and 500 μl of supernatant were collected. From these samples, the proteins were precipitated with TCA and resuspended in Western Sample Buffer to 4 mg/ml of total proteins (Lowry Method ⁸). 10 μl (about 40 μg of total proteins) were loaded on a 12% acrylamide/SDS gel and run (BioRad Mini Trans-Blot system). Western blotting was conducted according to BioRad instructions (Schleicher & Schull 0.2 μm membrane) using rabbit anti-Sh ble antiserum (Cayla Cat. Ref. #ANTI-0010) as primary antibody. The results are shown in FIG. 1 and Table F:

TABLE F Sh ble estimated production levels in C1 Estimated Sh ble con- centration in the Estimated Sh ble quantity production on the Western blot media Untransformed NG7C-19 Not detectable NG7C-19::720 clone 4-1  25 ng 0.25 mg/l NG7C-19::720 clone 5-1  25 ng 0.25 mg/l NG7C-19::720 clone 2-2 250 ng 2.5 mg/l Untransformed UV18-25 Not detectable UV18-25::720 clone 1-2 500 ng 5 mg/l UV18-25::720 clone 3-1 250 ng 2.5 mg/l

These data show that:

1) The heterologous transcription/translation signals from pUT720 are functional in Chrysosporium.

2) The heterologous signal sequence of pUT720 is functional in Chrysosporium.

3) Chrysosporium can be used a host for the secretion of an heterologous bacterial protein.

[2] C1 secretion of the human lysozyme(HLZ).

C1 strains NG7C-19 and UV18-25 have been transformed by the plasmid pUT970G⁹. This vector presents the following fungal expression cassette:

Aspergillus nidulans_glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase (gpdA) promoter²

A synthetic Trichoderma _(—) reesei cellobiohydrolaseI (cbh1) signal sequence^(1,3)

Streptoalloteichus hindustanus phleomycin-resistance gene Sh ble ⁴ used as carrier-protein¹⁰

Aspergillus niger glucoamylase (glaA2) hinge domain cloned from plasmid pAN56-2^(11,12)

A linker peptide (LGERK) featuring a KEX2-like protease cleavage site¹

A synthetic human lysozyme gene (hlz)¹⁰

Aspergillus nidulans tryptophan-synthase(trpC) terminator⁵

The vector also carries the beta-lactamase gene (bla) and E. coli replication origin from plasmid pUC18⁶. The detailed plasmid map is provided in FIG. 3.

C1 protoplasts were transformed with plasmid pUT970G following the same procedure already described in example 1. The fusion protein (Sh ble :: GAM hinge :: HLZ) is functional with respect to the phleomycin-resistance thus allowing easy selection of the C1 transformants. Moreover, the level of phleomycin resistance correlates roughly with the level of hlz expression.

The HLZ production of C1 transformants (phleomycin-resistant clones) was analysed by lysozyme-activity assay as follow: Primary transformants were toothpicked to GS+phleomycin (5 μg/ml) plates (resistance verification) and also on LYSO plates (HLZ activity detection by clearing zone visualisation^(1, 10)). Plates were grown for 5 days at 32° C. Each validated clone was subcloned onto LYSO plates. Two subclones per transformant were used to inoculate PDA plates in order to get spores for liquid culture initiation. The liquid cultures in IC1 were grown 5 days at 27° C. (shaking 180 rpm). Then, the cultures were centrifuged (5000 g, 10 min.). From these samples, lysozyme activity was measured according to Mörsky et al. ¹³.

TABLE G Active HLZ production levels in C1 Active HLZ con- centration in culture media Untransformed NG7C-19 0 mg/l NG7C-19::970G clone 4 4 mg/l NG7C-19::970G clone 5 11 mg/l Untransformed UV18-25 0 mg/l UV18-25::970G clone 1 8 mg/l UV18-25::970G clone 2 4 mg/l UV18-25::970G clone 3 2 mg/l UV18-25::970G clone 2 2.5 mg/l

These data show that:

1) Points 1 & 2 from example 1 are confirmed.

2) Sh ble is functional in Chrysosporium as resistance-marker.

3) Sh ble is functional in Chrysosporium as carrier-protein.

4) The KEX2-like protease cleavage site is functional in Chrysosporium (otherwise HLZ wouldn't be active).

5) Chrysosporium can be used as host for the secretion of a heterologous mammalian protein.

[3] C1 secretion of Trichoderma reesei xylanase II (XYN2).

C1 strain UV18-25 has been transformed by the plasmids pUT1064 and pUT1065.

pUT 1064 presents the two following fungal expression cassettes:

The first cassette allows the selection of phleomycin-resistanttransformants:

Neurospora crassa_cross-pathway control gene 1 (cpc-1) promoter¹⁴

Streptoalloteichus hindustanus phleomycin-resistancegene Sh ble ⁴

Aspergillus nidulans tryptophan-synthase(trpC) terminator⁵

The second cassette is the xylanase production cassette:

T. reesei_strain TR2 cbh1 promoter¹⁵

T. reesei_strain TR2 xyn2 gene (including its signal sequence)¹⁶

T. reesei_strain TR2 cbh1 terminator¹⁵

The vector also carries an E. coli replication origin from plasmid pUC19⁶. The plasmid detailed map is provided in FIG. 4.

pUT1065 presents the following fungal expression cassette:

A. nidulans_glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase(gpdA) promoter²

A synthetic T. _(—) reesei cellobiohydrolaseI (cbh1) signal sequence^(1,3)

S. hindustanus phleomycin-resistancegene Sh ble ⁴ used as carrier-protein¹⁰

A linker peptide (SGERK) featuring a KEX2-like protease cleavage site¹

T. reesei_strain TR2xyn2 gene (without signal sequence)¹⁶

A. nidulans tryptophan-synthase(trpC) terminator⁵

The vector also carries the beta-lactamase gene (bla) and an E. coli replication origin from plasmid pUC18⁶. The plasmid detailed map is provided in FIG. 5. C1 protoplasts were transformed with plasmid pUT1064 or pUT1065 following the same procedure already described in example 1. The fusion protein in plasmid pUT1065 (Sh ble :: XYN2) is functional with respect to the phleomycin-resistance thus allowing easy selection of the C1 transformants. Moreover, the level of phleomycin resistance correlates roughly with the level of xyn2 expression. In pUT1064, xyn2 was cloned with its own signal sequence.

The xylanase production of C1 transformants (phleomycin-resistant clones) was analysed by xylanase-activity assay as follow: Primary transformants were toothpicked to GS+phleomycin (5 μg/ml) plates (resistance verification) and also on XYLAN plates (xylanase activity detection by clearing zone visualisation¹⁷). Plates were grown for 5 days at 32° C. Each validated clone was subcloned onto XYLAN plates. Two subclones per transformant were used to inoculate PDA plates in order to get spores for liquid culture initiation. The liquid cultures in IC1+5 g/l KPhtalate were grown 5 days at 27° C. (shaking 180 rpm). Then, the cultures were centrifuged (5000 g, 10 min.). From these samples, xylanase activity was measured by DNS Technique according to Miller et al.¹⁸

TABLE H Active XYN2 production levels in C1 (best producers) Active xylanase Xylanase II concentration II specific activity in culture media in culture media Untransformed UV18-25  3.9 U./ml 3.8 U./mg total prot. UV18-25::1064 clone 7-1  4.7 U./ml 4.7 U./mg total prot. UV18-25::1064 clone 7-2  4.4 U./ml 4.3 U./mg total prot. UV18-25::1065 clone 1-1 29.7 U./ml 25.6 U./mg total prot. UV18-25::1065 clone 1-2 30.8 U./ml 39.4 U./mg total prot.

These data show that:

1) Points 1 to 4 from example 2 are confirmed.

2) C1 can be used as host for the secretion of a heterologous fungal protein.

[4] We also illustrate data from expression of transformed UV18-25 wherein the table I shows the results for the plasmids with which transformation was carried out. The Table shows good expression levels for endoglucanase and cellobiohydrolase using heterologous expression regulating sequences and signal sequences but also with homologous expression regulating sequences and signal sequences. The details of the various plasmids can be derived elsewhere in the description and from the figures. The production occurs at alkaline pH at a temperature of 35° C.

TABLE I Expression data of transformed UV18-25 strain Total proteins CMCase β-glucanase Culture mg/ml u/ml u/mg u/ml u/mg pH value *UV 18-25 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 7.90 1150-23 94% 105% 111% 140% 149% 7.90 -30 96% 105% 110% 145% 151% 8.10 1152-3 94% 112% 120% 147% 156% 7.85 -4 100% 105% 105% 132% 132% 7.90 1160-2 69% 81% 118% 90% 131% 7.90 -4 73% 72% 98% 83% 114% 8.35 -1 92% 95% 103% 120% 130% 8.45 1162-1 102% 105% 103% 145% 142% 8.20 -11 112% 109% 98% 115% 103% 8.20 F6g-20 104% 102% 98% 130% 125% 7.90 -25 — — — — — — Culture conditions (shake flask): 88 h, 35° C., 230 rpm *all above FIGS. are in relative % to parent UV18-25 strain

Appendix to the Examples: Media

Transformation media: MnP Mandels Base: Medium: KH₂PO₄ 2.0 g/l Mandels Base with (NH₄)₂SO₄ 1.4 g/l Peptone 1 g/l MgSO₄.7H₂O 0.3 g/l MES 2 g/l CaCl₂ 0.3 g/l Sucrose 100 g/l Oligoelements 1.0 ml/l Adjust pH to 5 MnR MnP CA²⁺: MnP + sucrose 130 g/l MnP Medium + Yeast extract 2.5 g/l CaCl₂ 2H₂O 50 mM Glucose 2.5 g/l Adjust pH to 6.5 Agar 15 g/l MnR Soft: MnR with only 7.5 g/l of agar. MPC: CaCl₂ 50 mM pH 5.8 MOPS 10 mM PEG 40% For selection and culture GS: Glucose 10 g/l Biosoyase 5 g/l [Merieux] Agar 15 g/l pH should be 6.8 PDA: Potato Dextrose Agar 39 g/l [Difco] pH should be 5.5 MPG: Mandels Base with 5 g/l K.Phtalate Glucose 30 g/l Yeast extract 5 g/l

The regeneration media (MnR) supplemented with 50 μg/ml phleomycin or 100-150 μg/ml hygromycin is used to select transformants. GS medium, supplemented with 5 μg/ml phleomycin is used to confirm antibiotic resistance.

PDA is a complete medium for fast growth and good sporulation. Liquid media are inoculated with 1/20th of spore suspension (all spores from one 90 mm PDA plate in 5 ml 0.1% Tween). Such cultures are grown at 27° C. in shake flasks (200 rpm).

Isolation and Characterisation of C1 Proteins

The process for obtaining various proteins is described as are a number of characteristics of the proteins. Tables A and B and FIG. 36 provide details of purification scheme and activities. Isolation occurs from the Chrysosporium culture filtrate using DEAE-Toyopearl ion exchange chromatography analogously to the method described in WO 98/15633, which is incorporated herein by reference. The non-bound fraction (F 60-31 CF) obtained from this chromatography was purified using Macro Prep Q™ ion exchange chromatography after equilibration to pH 7.6. The non-bound fraction (NBNB) was pooled and bound proteins were eluted in 0-1 M NaCl gradient. The NBNB fraction provided major protein bands of 19, 30, 35 and 46 kD and a minor one of 51 kD. In 0-1 M NaCl gradient protein peaks were eluted from various fractions. 39-41 included 28, 36 and 60 kD proteins, 44-48 included 28, 45 and 66 kD as major protein bands with 33, 36, 55, 60 and 67 kD proteins, the 49-51 fraction gave 30, 36, 56 and 68 kD proteins and the 52-59 fraction included, major 33 and 55 kD proteins and minor 28 and 36 kD proteins. The pooled NBNB fraction was further purified by hydrophobic chromatography on Phenyl Superose™. The NBNB fraction was equilibrated with 0.03M Na-phosphate buffer pH 7.0 containing 1.2 M (NH₄)₂SO₄ and applied to a column. Adsorbed proteins were eluted in 1.2-0.6 M (NH₄)₂SO₄ gradient. Thus homogeneous xylanase with MW 30 and 51 kD and pI 9.1 and 8.7 respectively were obtained as was a 30 kD protease with pI 8.9.

The xylanases did not possess MUF cellobiase activity and are thus true xylanases. The alkaline 30 kD xylanase (pI 9.1) possessed high activity within a very broad pH range from 5-8 maintaining 65% of maximum activity at pH 9-10; it is a member of the xylanase F family; its partial nucleotide and amino acid sequences are depicted in SEQ ID No. 7. The partial amino acid sequence depicted corresponds to about amino acids 50-170 from the N terminus of the mature protein. Xylanases according to invention have at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, most preferably at least 80% sequence identity of the partial amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 7. The corresponding xylanase promoter, which is a preferred embodiment of the invention, can be identified using the partial nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No. 7. The 51 kD xylanase (pI 8.7) possessed maximum activity at pH 6 and retained at least 70% of its activity at pH 7.5 and it retained at least 50% of its activity at pH 8.0. It was not very stable with only 15% activity at pH 5.5 and 4% at pH 7.5. The Michaelis constant toward birch xylan was 4.2 g/l for 30 kD xylanase and 3.4 g/l for 51 kD xylanase. Temperature optimum was high and equal to 70° C. for both xylanases.

The 30 kD protease activity measured towards proteins of the NBNB fraction appeared to be equal to 0.4×10⁻³ units/ml at 50° C. and pH 7.90 kD. The fraction exhibited activity toward dyed casein of 0.4 arbitrary units/mg (pH 7). Addition of urea as chaotropic agent resulted in 2-3 times increase of protease activity. The effect of the protease on xylanase activity was significant. Only 30% xylanase activity remained at pH 10.3 and 50° C. after 30 minutes of incubation. At pH 8 95% of the xylanase activity remained. LAS addition resulted in a dramatic decrease of xylanase activity at pH 8 and 10.3 with only 50% xylanase activity after 10 minutes of incubation with or without protease inhibitor PMSF. The 30 kD protease was alkaline with pH optimum at pH 10-11. The activity is inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and not by iodoacetic acid, pepstatin A and EDTA which characterises it as a serine type protease. The protease is not active towards C1 proteins at neutral pH and 50° C. without chaotropic agents. Increase of pH and the addition of chaotropic agents such as LAS, SDS and urea significantly increase proteolysis.

The 39-41 fraction was purified by hydrophobic chromatography on plenol superose. Fractions were equilibrated with 0.03M Na phosphate buffer pH 7.2 containing 1.5 M (NH₄)₂SO₄ and applied to a column. Adsorbed proteins were eluted in 1.5-0 M (NH₄)₂SO₄ gradient. Thus homogenous xylanase with MW 60 kD and pI 4.7 was obtained. This xylanase possessed activities towards xylan, MUF-cellobioside, MUF-xyloside and MUF-lactoside. This xylanase probably belongs to family 10 (family F). This xylanase was stable at pH from 5 to 8 during 24 hours and retained more than 80% activity at 50° C. It retained 70% activity at pH 5-7 at 60° C. It kept 80% activity during 5 hours and 35% during 24 hours at 50° C. and pH 9. At pH 10 60% activity was retained at 50° C. and 0.5 hours of incubation. After 5 hours of incubation at pH 8 and 60° C. 45% activity was found decreasing to 0 after 24 hours. It had a pH optimum within the pH range of 6-7 and kept 70% activity at pH 9 and 50% of its activity at pH 9.5. The Michaelis constant toward birch xylan was 0.5 g/l. Temperature optimum was high and equal to 80° C.

Fraction 44-48 was then purified by chromatofocusing on Mono P. A pH gradient from 7.63-5.96 was used for the elution of the proteins. As a result 45 kD endoglucanase was isolated with a pI of 6. The 45 kD endo had maximum activity at pH 5 toward CMC and at pH 5-7 toward RBB-CMC. The 45 kD endo retained 70% of its maximal activity toward CMC at pH 6.5 and 70% of its maximal activity toward RBB-CMC was retained at pH 7.0; 50% of its maximal activity toward CMC was retained at pH 7 and 50% of its maximal activity toward RBB-CMC was retained at pH 8. The Michaelis constant toward CMC was 4.8 g/l. Temperature optimum was high and equal to 80° C. Other proteins 28, 33, 36, 55, 60 and 66 kD were eluted mixed together.

Fraction 52-58 was purified by chromatofocusing on Mono P too with a pH gradient 7.6-4.5. Individual 55 kD endoglucanase with pI 4.9 was obtained. The 55 kD endo was neutral. It has a broad pH optimum from 4.5-6 and 70% activity was retained at pH 7.0 both for CMC and RBB-CMC and 50% activity was retained at pH 8 for both CMC and RBB-CMC. The Michaelis constant toward CMC was 1 g/l. Temperature optimum was high and equal to 80° C. A number of fractions also held proteins with MW of 28, 33 and 36 kD.

45, 48 and 100 kD proteins were isolated from bound DEAE Toyopearl fraction of F 60-8 UF conc of Chrysosporium culture from fractions 50-53 using Macro Prep Q chromatography.

Fraction 50-53 was equilibrated with 0.03 M imidazole HCL buffer, pH 5.75 and was applied to a column and the adsorbed proteins were eluted in 0.1-0.25 M NaCl gradient for 4 h. As a result 45 kD (pI 4.2), 48 kD (pI 4.4) and 100 kD (pI 4.5) proteins were isolated in homogenous states.

The 45 kD is supposedly a alpha beta-galactosidase by virtue of its activity toward p-nitrophenyl alpha-galactoside and p-nitrophenyl beta-galactoside. The pH optimum was 4.5 70% activity was maintained at pH 5.7 and 50% of its activity was retained at pH 6.8. The temperature optimum was 60° C.

The 48 kD protein was a cellobiohydrolase having high activity toward p-nitrophenyl beta-glucoside and also activities toward MUF cellobioside, MUF lactoside and p-nitrophenyl butyrate. The 48 kD protein had a pH optimum of 5 toward CMC and 5-6 toward RBB-CMC.

The 100 kD protein with pI 4.5 possessed activity only toward p-nitrophenyl butyrate. It is probably an esterase but is not a feruloyl esterase as it had no activity against methyl ester of ferulic acid. It had neutral/alkaline pH optimum (pH 8-9) and optimal temperature of 55-60° C.

The 90 kD protease with pI 4.2 was isolated from the bound fraction and the activity measured towards proteins of the NBNB fraction appeared to be equal to 12×10⁻³ units/ml at 50° C. and pH 7.90 kD. The fraction exhibited activity toward dyed casein of 0.01 arbitrary units/mg (pH 7). Addition of urea as chaotropic agent resulted in 2-3 fold increase of protease activity as did addition of LAS at both pH 7 and 9 (50° C.). The 90 kD protease was neutral with pH optimum at pH 8. The activity is inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and not by iodoacetic acid, pepstatin A and EDTA which characterises it as a serine type protease.

Also isolated from the bound fraction were 43 kD endoglucanase with pI 4.2 (fraction 33-37) and 25 kD endoglucanase with pI 4.1 (fraction 39-43), 55 kD cellobiohydrolase with pI 4.9 (fraction 39-43) and 65 kD polygalacturonase with pI 4.4 (fraction 39-43). The endoglucanases did not possess activity towards avicel or MUF cellobioside and possessed high activity toward MC, RBB-CMC, CMC41, beta-glucan and endoglucanase. The 25 kD endo did not produce glucose from CMC and the 43 kD endo did. No glucose was formed from avicel. The pH optimum for the 43 kD protein was 4.5 with 70% maximum activity maintained at pH 7.2 and 50% at pH 8. The 43 kD endo kept 70% activity at pH 5 and 6 during 25 hours of incubation. It kept only 10% at pH 7 during this incubation period. The 25 kD endo had pH optimum of activity at pH 5 toward CMC and broad pH optimum of activity toward RBB-CMC with 70% of the maximum activity being kept at pH 9 and with 50% of the maximum activity being at pH 10. It kept 100% activity at pH 5 and 6 and 80% at pH 7, 8, 8.6 and 9.6 during 120 hours of incubation. The 25 kD endo had a temperature optimum of activity at 70° C. The 43 kD endo had a temperature optimum of activity at 60° C. The Michaelis constants towards CMC were 62 and 12.7 g/l for 25 and 43 kD endo respectively. The poly-galacturonase is a pectinase. The Michaelis constant toward PGA was 3.8 g/l. The pH optimum of PGU activity is within pH range 5-7 and T optimum within 50-65° C.

Genes encoding C. lucknowense proteins were obtained using PCR and characterised by sequence analysis. The corresponding full genes were obtained by screening (partial) gene libraries using the isolated PCR fragments. The full gene of the 43 kD endoglucanase (EG6, Family 6) of the C1 strain has been cloned, sequenced and analysed (including 2.5 kb promoter region and 0.5 kb terminator region). Its nucleotide and amino acid sequences are depicted in SEQ ID No. 6. Predicted molecular weight of the mature protein is 39,427 Da and predicted pI is 4.53, which values correspond well with the measured values. Protein alignment analysis with other glycosyl hydrolases of the family 6.2 shows that C1-EG6 does not include a cellulose-binding domain (CBD) Homology analysis using SwissProt SAMBA software (Smith & Waterman algorithm, Gap penalty 12/2, alignment 10, Blosum62 matrix) shows that C1-EG6 has 51.6% identity with Fusarium oxysporum EG-B (over 376 amino acids), 51.0% identity with Agaricus bisporus CBH3 (over 353 amino acids), and 50.7% identity with Trichoderma reesei CBH2 (over 367 amino acids). The putative signal sequence runs Met 1 to Arg 28. The promoter contains several potential CreA binding sites, so it is very likely that this promoter would be subject to glucose repression in a fungal strain with working CreA regulation.

Similarly, the full gene of the 25 kD endoglucanase (EG5, Family 45) of the C1 strain has been cloned, sequenced and analysed (including3.3 kb promoter region and 0.7 kb terminator region). The nucleotide and amino acid sequences are depicted in SEQ ID No. 5. Predicted molecular weight of the mature protein is 21,858 Da and predicted pI is 4.66, which values correspond well with the measured values. This is the smallest fungal endoglucanase known to date. Protein alignment analysis with other glycosyl hydrolases of the family 45 shows that C1-EG5 does not include a cellulose-binding domain (CBD), nor a cohesin/dockerin domain. Homology analysis using NCBI-BLASTP2 software (Gap penalty 11/1, alignment 10, Blosum62 matrix) shows that the closest homologous protein to C1-EG5 is Fusarium oxysporum EG-K with 63% identity. The putative signal sequence runs Met 1 to Ala 18. The promoter contains many potential CreA binding sites, so it is very likely that this promoter would be subject to glucose repression in a fungal strain with working CreA regulation.

Furthermore, an additional endoglucanase was found by PCR based on family 12 cellulases homology analysis. The partial nucleotide and amino acid sequence of this additional endoglucanase (EG3, Family 12) is given in SEQ ID No. 8.

The 55 kD protein was a cellobiohydrolase (referred to herein as CBH1) with activity against MUF-cellobioside, MUF lactoside, FP and avicel, also against p-nitrophenyl -glucoside, cellobiose and p-nitrophenyl lactoside. Its activity toward MUF cellobioside is inhibited by cellobiose. The inhibition constant 0.4 mM was determined. The Michaelis constant toward MUF cellobioside was 0.14 mM, toward MUF lactoside was 4 mM and toward CMC was 3.6 g/l. The pH optimum is rather broad from 4.5 to 7. 50% of maximum activity toward CMC and 80% activity toward RBB-CMC is kept at pH 8. 70-80% activity within pH 5-8 is kept during 25 hours of incubation. The temperature optimum is 60-70° C. CBH1 is probably a member of the cellobiohydrolase family 7; its partial nucleotide and amino acid sequences are depicted in SEQ ID No. 9. The partial amino acid sequence depicted corresponds to about amino acids 300-450 from the N terminus of the mature protein. A cellobiohydrolase according to the invention has at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, most preferably at least 80% sequence identity of the partial amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 9. The corresponding CBH promoter, which is a preferred embodiment of the invention, can be identified using the partial nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No. 9. A synergistic effect was observed between 25 kD endo and 55 kD CBH during avicel hydrolysis. Synergism coefficient was maximal at the ratio of 25 kD endo to 55 kD CBH 80:20. The K_(syn) was 1.3 at its maximum.

The expression level of five main Chrysosporium genes was studied by Northern analysis. Various strains of C. lucknowense were grown in rich medium containing pharmedia with cellulose and lactose (medium 1) or rich medium containing pharmedia and glucose (medium 2) at 33 C. After 48 h, mycelium was harvested and RNA was isolated. The RNA was hybridised with 5 different probes: EG5, EG6, EG3, XylF and CBH. After exposure, the Northern blots were stripped and hybridised again with a probe for ribosomal L3 as a control for the amount of mRNA on the blot. Most strains showed very high response for CBH and high response for XylF in medium 1; in medium 2, half of the strain showed high response for all genes, and the other half showed low response. The order of expression strength was deducted from these data as CBH>XylF>EG5>EG3>EG6.

Tables A and B and FIG. 36 illustrate the details of the above.

Advanced Isolation and Characterisation of C1 Genes and Gene Expression Sequences of CBH1, XYL1, EG3 and GPD

Construction of a BlueSTAR Gene Library of UV18-25

Chromosomal DNA of UV18-25 was partially digested with Sau3A, fragments of 12-15 kb were isolated and ligated in a BamHI site of cloning vector BlueSTAR. Packaging of 20% of the ligation mixture resulted in a gene library of 4.6×10⁴ independent clones. This library was multiplied and stored at 4° C. and −80° C. The rest of the ligation mixture was also stored at 4° C.

Screening the Gene Library of UV18-25 for Isolation of the Genes for cbh1, eg3, xyl1 and gpd1

For the isolation of the different genes, in total±7.5×10⁴ individual BlueSTAR phages per probe were hybridized in duplo. Hybridisation was carried out with the PCR fragments of cbh1, eg3 and xyl1 (as described in PCT/NL99/00618) at homologous conditions (65° C.; 0.2×SSC) and with the gpd1 gene of A. niger at heterologous conditions (53° C.; 0.5×SSC). The number of positive signals is given in Table K. The positive clones were rescreened and for each clone two individual phages were used for further experiments. DNA of the different clones was analysed by restriction analysis to determine the number of different clones isolated from each gene (results are given in Table K).

As for each of the 4 genes, 4-6 different clones were isolated, we conclude that the primary gene library (±4-5×10⁴ clones) represents about 5x genome of UV18-25. From this result we conclude that the complete genome of UV18-25 is represented in 9×10³ clones. Based on an average genomic insert of 13 kb, this would indicate a genome size of±120 Mb, which is 3 times the size of the Aspergillus genome.

PCR reactions with specific primers for the gene present on the plasmid (based on previous sequence determination from the isolated PCR fragments)and the T7 and T3 primer present in the polylinker of pBlueSTAR we were able to determine the location of the genes in a number of clones. From each gene a plasmid was used for sequence determination of the gene.

Sequence Analysis of the Cloned Genes

For the cbh1, xyl1, eg3 and the gpd1 gene, the results of the sequence determination are represented in SEQ ID No's 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Also the deduced amino acid sequences of the proteins are represented in these SEQ ID No's 1-4. Some properties of the proteins are given in Table L. It should be mentioned that the position of the start of the translation and the introns is based on homology with genes from the same family (i.e. paper genetics).

CBH1

From the amino acid sequences of CBH1, we concluded that the protein is about 63 kD in size and that a cellulose binding domain (CBD) is present at the C-terminal part of the protein. Interestingly, no evidence was found for the presence of a CBD in the isolated 55 kD major protein. However, the presence of the isolated peptides from this 55 kD major protein in the encoded CBH1 protein (SEQ ID No. 1), confirms that the 55 kD protein is encoded by the cloned gene. A possible explanation of these results is that the 55 kD protein is a truncated version of the CBH1 protein lacking the CBD.

Xyl1

From the amino acid sequences of xyl1 we conclude that also here a CBD is present, in this protein at the N-terminal side. In the literature only two more xylanases with a CBD are known (Fusarium oxysporum and Neocallimastix patriciarum). The estimated size of the Xyl1 protein is 43 kD and several peptides isolated from a 30 kD xylanase originate from this protein (SEQ ID No. 2). It should be noted that a considerable number of the isolated peptides could not be found in the encoded sequence. This could indicate that alternative xylanase proteins are present in UV18-25. In previous analysis, no evidence was found for the presence of CBD in this 30 kD protein. Also from these results we hypothesized that the CBD of the protein is cleaved of by proteolysis. This hypothesis will be analysed further (by determination of activities, N-terminal sequences and sizes of the different proteins in the different C1 strains: C1 wild type, NG7C, UV13-6, UV18-25 and protease mutants of UV18-25) Also the effect of the presence or absence of the CBD on enzymatic activities has to be analysed in detail further. Overexpression of the full length genes in various C1 hosts may be considered. The presence of a cellulose binding domain (CBD) is a particular feature of this enzyme; the only other known family 10 glycolytic enzyme (xylanase) having a CBD is the Fusarium oxysporum XylF. The invention thus pertains to fungal xylanases having a CBD other than the Fusarium oxysporum xylanase.

EG3

From the amino acid sequence of EG3 it could be concluded that EG3 is a family 12 protein. The gene encodes a preproprotein with a dibasic (K-R) propeptide processing site. The C1EG3 protein is 62% similar and 54% identical to the B1 EG3 protein. One putative glycosylation site is present at the C-terminal part of the protein (SEQ ID No. 3).

Gpd1

The DNA sequence of the C-terminal part of the gpd1 gene is not determined, since we are primarily interested in the promoter sequences of this gene (SEQ ID No. 4).

The proteins XYL1 and EG3 of C. lucknowense are 54-70% identical to their closest homologue in the Genbank DATABASE (Table L). Notable is the strong homology of the CBH1 and the EG5 proteins to their related Humicola grisea proteins (74-82% identical). Interestingly the closest related proteins to the EG6 protein are only 46-48% identical.

Also notable is that in most cases the closest homologues originate from Fusarium, Humicola or other Pyrenomycetous fungi (Table L), whereas Chrysosporium belongs to the Plectomycetous fungi according to the NCBI taxonomy database (Table L).

TABLE K Screening of 7.5 × 10⁴ phages of the gene library of UV18-25 with PCR fragments of UV18-25 for the cbh1 gene, the eg3 gene and the xyl1 gene (homologous conditions) and with the gpdA gene of A. niger (heterologous conditions). DNA isolation and restriction analysis was used to determine the number of different clones. Positive in positive in clone used for Gene first screening rescreening different clones sequencing cbh1 8 7 4 pCBH7 eg3 6 6 4 pEG3-3 xyl1 9 6 5 pXyl5 gpd1 12 12 6 pGPD4

TABLE L glycosidase isolated number of related sequences family from C1 amino acids introns remarks (% identity/% homology) CBH1 7 70 kD 526 1 CBD Humicola grisea (74/82) 55 kD (63 kD) (CBH1: P15828) Fusarium oxysporum (58/68) (CBH: P46238) Neurospora crassa (60/69) (CBH1: P38676) XYL1 10 30 kD 333 3 CBD Fusarium oxysporum (67/72) (43 kD) (XylF: P46239) Penicillium simplissicum (63/72) (XylF: P56588) Aspergillus aculeatus (61/70) (XylF: O59859) EG3 12 — 247 2 prepro Aspergillus aculeatus (60/71) (30 kD + peptide (Fl-CMCase: P22669) glycos) Hypocrea jecorina (56/73) (EG: BAA20140) Aspergillus kawachii (54/69) (CMCase: Q12679) EG6 6(2) 43 kD 395 2 no CBD Fusarium oxysporum (48/59) (EGLB: P46236) Acremonium cellulolyticus (48/58) (CBHII: BAA74458) Agaricus bisporus (46/59) (CBH3: P49075) EG5 45 25 kD 225 3 no CBD Humicola grisea (82/91) (EG: BAA74957) Fusarium oxysporum (63/78) (EGL-K: P45699) Humicola grisea (62/78) (EG: BAA74956) GPD1 — — Incomplete 2 + ? — Podospora anserina (85/89) (GPD: P32637) Neurospora crassa (80/86) (GPD: U67457) Cryphonectria parasitica (80/85) (GPD: P19089)

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a Western blot as described in the Examples

FIG. 2 is a pUT720 map

FIG. 3 is a pUT970G map

FIG. 4 is a pUT1064 map

FIG. 5 is a pUT1065 map

FIG. 6 is a pF6 g map

FIG. 7 is a pUT1150 map

FIG. 8 is a pUT1152 map

FIG. 9 is a pUT1155 map

FIG. 10 is a pUT1160 map

FIG. 11 is a pUT1162 map

FIG. 12: Ion exchange chromatography on Macro Prep Q of NB-fraction after DEAE-Toyopearl of F-60-31 CF sample.

FIGS. 13a-13 e: pH dependencies of activity of enzymes from NB fractions of F-60-31 CF sample.

FIGS. 14a-14 d: Stability of enzymes from NB fraction of F-60-31 CF sample at pH 5.5 and 7.5 (60° C.).

FIGS. 15a and 15 b: pH stability at 60° C. and 50° C. of 60 kD Xyl (pI 4.7) from NB fraction of F-60-31 sample.

FIGS. 16a-16 e: Temperature dependencies of enzymes from NB fraction of F-60-31 sample.

FIG. 17: Ion exchange chromatography on Macro Prep Q of bound fractions 50-53 after DEAE-Toyopearl of F-60-8 sample.

FIGS. 18a and 18 b: pH and temperature dependencies of α-galactosidase activity of F-60-43, UF-conc.

FIG. 19: pH dependencies of activity of 48 kD CBH (pI 4.4) from bound fractions of F-60-8, UF-conc.

FIG. 20: Temperature dependencies of activity towards p-nitrophenyl butyrate of F-60-8 UF-conc.

FIG. 21: pH dependencies of activity towards p-nitrophenyl butyrate of F-60-8 UF-conc.

FIG. 22: pH courses of activities of 30 kD (pI 8.9) and 90 kD (pI 4.2) proteases toward C1 proteins (50° C., 30 min. incubation).

FIGS. 23a-23 d: Effect of 30 kD (pI 8.9) “alkaline” protease on xylanase activity of the NBNB-fraction (Macro Prep Q(TM)) of F 60-31 CF at 50° C.

FIGS. 24a-24 f: Effect of 90 kD (pI 4.2) “neutral” protease on CMCase activity of the proteins in the bound fraction #44-45 (DEAE-Toyopearl™) of F 60-8 UV-conc sample at 50° C.

FIG. 25: Complete hydrolysis of polygalacturonic acid by 65 kD polygalacturonase (pI 4.4): 50° C., pH 4.5; concentration of PGA=5 g/l, concentration of protein=0.1 g/l.

FIGS. 26a and 26 b: pH- and temperature dependencies of polygalacturonase activity of F-60-43 UF-conc.

FIG. 27: Inhibition of activity toward MUF-cellobioside by cellobiose for 55 kD CBH (pI 4.4): pH 4.5, 40° C.

FIG. 28: Synergistic effect between 25 kD Endo (pI 4.1) and 55 kD CBH (pI 4.4) toward avicel (40° C., pH 5, 25 min)

FIGS. 29a-29 d: Complete hydrolysis of CMC (a) and avicel (b) by the enzymes isolated from bound fractions of F-60-8 UF-conc. sample (50° C., pH 5) concentration of CMC and avicel=5 g/l, concentration of 25 kD Endo=0-01 g/l, concentration of 43 kD Endo=0.02 g/l; 1-25 kD Endo (pI 4.1), 2-43 kD Endo (pI 4.2).

FIGS. 30a-30 d: Complete hydrolysis of CMC (1) and avicel (2) by 55 kD CBH (pI 4.4) without (a) and with (b) glucono-δ-lactone (50° C., pH 4.5): concentration of CMC and avicel=5 g/l, concentration of protein=0.1 g/l, concentration of glucono-δ-lactone=5 g/l.

FIGS. 31a and 31 b: pH-Dependence of CMCase and RBB-CMCase activities of the enzymes isolated from F-60-8 UF-conc. sample: 1-25 kD Endo (pI 4.1), 2-43 kD Endo (pI 4.2).

FIG. 32: pH-Dependencies of CMCase and RBB-CMCase activities of 55 kD CBH (pI 4.4).

FIGS. 33a-33 c: Temperature dependencies of CMCase activity (pH 4.5) of the enzymes isolated from bound fractions of F-60-8 UF-conc. sample: 1-55 kD CBH (pI 4.4), 2-25 kD Endo (pI 4.1), 3-43 kD Endo (pI 4.2).

FIGS. 34a-34 c: pH-stability (50° C.) of the enzymes isolated from bound fractions of F-60-8 UF-conc. sample: 1-55 kD CBH (pI 4.4), 2-25 kD Endo (pI 4.1), 3-43 kD Endo (pI 4.2).

FIG. 35: Adsorption of the enzymes isolated from bound fractions of F-60-8 UF-conc. sample.

FIG. 36: Purification scheme of F-60-8 (UP-conc) and F-60-31 CF Samples for C1 Protein Isolation.

REFERENCES (the Contents Hereof are Incorporated)

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SEQ ID No. 1: CBH1 protein sequence. Signal sequence is given in italic, the CBD underlined in bold. MYAKFATLAA LVAGAAAQNA CTLTAENHPS LTWSKCTSGG SCTSVQGSIT 50 IDANWRWTHR TDSATNCYEG NKWDTSYCSD GPSCASKCCI DGADYSSTYG 100 ITTSGNSLNL KFVTKGQYST NIGSRTYLME SDTKYQMFQL LGNEFTFDVD 150 VSNLGCGLNG ALYFVSMDAD GGMSKYSGNK AGAKYGTGYC DSQCPRDLKF 200 INGEAAVENW QSSTNDANAG TGKYGSCCSE MDVWEANNMA AAFTPHPC?V 250 IGQSRCEGDS CGGTYSTDRY AGICDPDGCD FNSYRQGNKT FYGKGMTVDT 300 TKKITVVTQF LKNSAGELSE IKRFYVQNGK VIPNSESTIP GVEGNSITQD 350 WCDRQKAAFG DVTD?QDKGG MVQMGKALAG PMVLVMSIWD DHAVNMLWLD 400 STWPIDGAGK PGAERGACPT TSGVPAEVEA EAPNSNVIFS NIRFGPIGST 450 VSGLPDGGSG NPNPPVSSST PVPSSSTTSS GSSGPTGGTG VAKHY EQCGG 500 IGFTGPTQCE SPYTCTKLND WYSQCL   *  526 SEQ ID No. 2: DNA sequence and amino acid sequence of complete Chrysosporium XylF (Xyll) gene including promoter and terminator sequences. Position of the protein encoding part of the gene is indicated in boid with aminoacid translation below the sequence. Promoter, terminator and intron sequences are given in small case. The signal peptide is shown in italic letters and the cellulose binding domain (CBD) is shown in bold underlined letters. tcatcaacttggcgtttggatgtactaatattacacgtcgtttgcnnagcggagtctgtg 60 tcatctccgtggggtcgggtgctccagacgacgcttcgggccgatcctgaattcgggaag 120 gaaacggttcggctaatcaggtcctctaaaatataacgaagcactacagagggagttcct 180 cagaggacatcgtatcaaccgaagaacgaagcgccgaaaggactgatcaaaacaggagta 240 ggtagggatgtgtgagtacctaaactttccatacctgacataaaatcatcatggtgcttc 300 agacctgtttgatgaggcgagggcggaggccgcattgtattttcgttccttccttctttt 360 tgttagtatatctnagggttccatcgtaaaatggaatcttccagctctactagtaattag 420 aacaatagttctgatgtcgtgcgccaagctttttcagatgactgccaaaaacccatcatg 480 ggtatggacaaaagcagtaatcggagtcacaacgccgcattttccttcatgatttccgtc 540 aaccggagaggtcggaggaggactccggccacatgtgatgcgaagaagtacatggcgcca 600 tggttctaacctcttatagtctgaaaatgcgcggaggccagcgaagccaagcccgggaac 660 cgttcttgtcatggtttcagtattgtttcgctaaacattctatccgattcgcgataggtg 720 cggctgccaccgaaggttgtatccttaaagctttggtaagtacggagtacggaaatggaa 780 acgcgccgcagtcctggttccatcggtatcctccgcatgctccgccaaaaaaagaaaacc 840 cgggtatgtttacaaaggatataagagacaagatgcaccacccgcccccttcccatctgc 900 cggttgcccacgtcgccgtcgactgcttgtccgcttcctacctgcagcctctttcagaga 960 ccatcaaacATGCGTACTCTTACGTTCGTGCTGGCAGCCGCCCCGGTGGCTGTGCTTGCC 1020           M  R  T  L  T  F  V  L  A  A  A  P  V  A  V  L  A CAATCTCCTCTGTGGGGCCAGTgtatgtaattgccttactcggaaaatagtcaccactag 1080  Q  S  P  L  W  G  Q  C agggacttaagctcactacttcctgtttcacaatagGCGGCGGTCAAGGCTGGACAGGTC 1140                                        G  G  Q  G  W  T  G CCACGACCTGCGTTTCtGGCGCAGTATGCCAATTCGTCAAgtcagtaactgcttttatt 1200 P  T  T  C  V  S  G  A  V  C  Q  F  V  N tcttttctctctgggattacgatttcgttttgcacttagcttggttctgcatttcattgt 1260 tgtattgttctctttttgtgtgtgagaggttttattaccacctaaaggccatttgctaac 1320 aaatctccccagTGACTGGTACTCCCAATGCGTGCCCGGATCGAGCAACCCTCCTACGGG 1380               D  W  Y  S  Q  C  V  P  G  S  S  N  P  P  T  G CACCACCAGCAGCACCACTGGAAGCACCCCGGCTCCTACTGGCGGCGGCGGCAGCGGAAC 1440   T  T  S  S  T  T  G  S  T  P  A  P  T  G  G  G  G  S  G  T CGGCCTCCACGACAAATTCAAGGCCAAGGGCAAGCTCTACTTCGGAACCGAGATCGATCA 1500   G  L  H  D  K  F  K  A  K  G  K  L  Y  F  G  T  E  I  D  H CTACCATCTCAACAACAATGCCTTGACCAACATTGTCAAGAAAGACTTTGGTCAAGTCAC 1560   Y  H  L  N  N  N  A  L  T  N  I  V  K  K  D  F  G  Q  V  T TCACGAGAACAGCTTGAAGTGGGATGCTACTGAGCgtgagtgacctctcctccttctccc 1620   H  E  N  S  L  K  W  D  A  T  E  P gacaataatagataattacgagccggttcgaggctgacattgcgcgattctagCGAGCC 1680                                                       S  R GCAATCAATTCAACTTTGCCAACGCCGACGCGGTTGTCAACTTTGCCCAGGCCAACGGCA 1740  N  Q  F  N  F  A  N  A  D  A  V  V  N  F  A  Q  A  N  G  K AGCTCATCCGCGGCCACACCCTCCTCTGGCACTCTCAGCTGCCGCAGTGGGTGCAGAACA 1800  L  I  R  G  H  T  L  L  W  R  S  Q  L  P  Q  W  V  Q  N  I TCAACGACCGCAACACCTTGACCCAGGTCATCGAGAACCACGTCACCACCCTTGTCACTC 1860  N  D  R  N  T  L  T  Q  V  I  E  N  H  V  T  T  L  V  T  R GCTACAAGGGCAAGATCCTCCACTGGGACGTCGTTAACGAGATCTTTGCCGAGGACGGCT 1920  Y  K  G  K  I  L  H  W  D  V  V  N  E  I  F  A  E  D  G  S CGCTCCGCGACAGCGTCTTCAGCCGCGTCCTCGGCGAGGACTTTGTCGGCATCGCCTTCC 1980  L  R  D  S  V  F  S  R  V  L  G  E  D  F  V  G  I  A  F  R GCGCCGCCCGCGCCGCCGATCCCAACGCCAAGCTCTACATCAACGACTACAACCTCGACA 2040  A  A  R  A  A  D  P  N  A  K  L  Y  I  N  D  Y  N  L  D  I TTGCCAACTACGCCAAGGTGACCCGGGGCATGGTCGAGAAGGTCAACAAGTGGATCGCCC 2100  A  N  Y  A  K  V  T  R  G  M  V  E  K  V  N  K  W  I  A  Q AGGGCATCCCGATCGACGGCATCGGCACCCAGTGCCACCTGGCCGGGCCCGGCGGGTGGA 2160  G  I  P  I  D  G  I  G  T  Q  C  H  L  A  G  P  G  G  W  N ACACGGCCGCCGGCGTCCCCGACGCCCTCAAGGCCCTCGCCGCGGCCAACGTCAAGGAGA 2220  T  A  A  G  V  P  D  A  L  K  A  L  A  A  A  N  V  K  E  I TCGCCATCACCGAGCTCGACATCGCCGGCGCCTCCGCCAACGACTACCTCACCGTCATGA 2280  A  I  T  E  L  D  I  A  G  A  S  A  N  D  Y  L  T  V  M  N ACGCCTGCCTCCAGGTCTCCAAGTGCGTCGGCATCACCGTCTGGGGCGTCTCTGACAAGG 2340  A  C  L  Q  V  S  K  C  V  G  I  T  V  W  G  V  S  D  K  D ACAGCTGGAGGTCGAGCAGCAACCCGCTCCTCTTCGACAGCAACTACCAGCCAAAGGCGG 2400  S  W  R  S  S  S  N  P  L  L  F  D  S  N  Y  Q  P  K  A  A CATACAATGCTCTGATTAATGCCTTGTAAgaggaggtatattatttttagaggcaatgaa 2460  Y  N  A  L  I  N  A  L  * gctaggaggaaagaggggaagtgaggtaattagctaggacaggcaaatctagcagcaatt 2520 ataagtcaacactatataaaatattcctataatggcttgtgcttcggtgtgcaaaaaaaa 2580 aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaactcaaaaacaaaaatgatccaacatgatt 2640 cgaaatggcgaccttgcaaatgcacacctcagataataccactatacaatacaccttaaa 2700 tggcacctaaatccatttgtctgcggtcatagacggggcttaagaagcctgggatgcagg 2760 tgtcgatgcaagggttacgtcagtgtatgatatgagtatgaaccatgctgtctgggtaat 2820 tctccactttccctccccttacgactcttcgggtgtgcctctctagaaagtcgactcctg 2880 gcgcctcagatcgccctttggctctgttcggtacaatgacgtccgctggtttcttccaaa 2940 gaccaggtatttctcccgtggcaacaaagaataccaaatacctatatcgaaccgtagtct 3000 tctgataattagatgtctctcaaggcgcgg  3030 SEQ ID No. 11: XylF protein sequence. Signal sequence is given in italic, the CBD is underlined in bold. 1 MRTLTFVLAA APVAVLAQSP L WGQCGGQGW  TGPTTCVSGA VCQFVNDWYS 51 QCV PGSSNPP TGTTSSTTGS TPAPTGGGGS GTGLHDKFKA KGKLYFGTEI 101 DHYHLNNNAL TNIVKKDFGQ VTENSLKWDA TEPSRNQFNF ANADAVVNFA 151 QANGKLIRGH TLLWHSQLPQ WVQNINDRNT LTQVIENHVT TLVTRYKGKI 201 LHWDVVNEIF AEDGSLRDSV FSRVLGEDFV GIAFRAARAA DPNAKLYIND 251 YNLDIANYAK VTRGMVEKVN KWIAQGIPID GIGTQCHLAG PGGWNTAAGV 301 PDALKALAAA NVKEIAITEL DIAGASANDY LTVMNACLQV SKCVGITVWG 351 VSDKDSWRSS SNPLLFDSNY QPKAAYNALI NAL* SEQ ID No. 3: DNA sequence and amino acid sequence of complete Chrysosporium EG3 gene including promoter and terminator sequences. Promoter, terminator and intron sequences are given in small case. Putative glycosylation site is given with an asterisk (*). The signal peptide is shown in italic letters and the propeptide is shown in underlined letters. ccgccctggagcgtggaccgtggggacaggcggcaaatgagaccctattggggcgcatcg 60 acggtgcagaaccgaggttccgggaccttggcagagcggcccagggaccccgccatccag 120 ctatgcgcctccacagaagccgaccgatgctcgggttgcatcccgagatcgtcggtatta 180 aggagaggggagaagaagaagggggggggggggggggaatgagacaacaacactcaggcg 240 cgccaattagaacttcaacgagcctccttcctgcatccagacaagaccgaggtcgagccg 300 ggtactatgcaagcgtcccgtgccgcgtgatgtcgctcgtaggtgttgacaggttctcag 360 ctgtttcttgaatccccgggaggtggactaaaggggcaagagaccatggtaagctccgtc 420 gccagccctcccgttgcggagcggaagccgaggaccgaccttcttctggagaacccgggc 480 tgcccgggcggaggcgggttccgccttttttttaaccagtccgagttgttgtcgcgaact 540 gcgctcggttgcaacgtcagtgtccaatcggcaggcgtatcgcgacccggtaagggggtt 600 acggcatgtgttctcggcttccgcacatcaaaacttactcgtattcgtcctgaccttggt 660 aattaattatgtcgcaagacaaggagttgtttgagacgactccggcgcgcataattacac 720 agtggtgcagtattatatatctttctcccgtagggacgacgacaaagacccgtcagtgat 780 taataataattagtagcagtttctttctttcaagactcaagaatactcctttccgccatc 840 gtggcagcgtttagattcatcATGCAGCCGTTTCTGCTCTTGTTCCTCTCGTCGGTCACG 900                       M  Q  P  F  L  L  L  F  L  S  S  V  T GCGGCGAGCCCCCTGACGGCGCTCGACAAGCGGCAGCAGGCGACGTTGTGCGAGCAGTAC 960  A  A  S  P  L  T  A  L  D  K  R  Q  Q  A  T  L  C  E  Q  Y GGCTACTGGTCGGGCAACGGTTACGAGGTCAACAACAACAACTGGGGCAAGGATTCGGCC 1020  G  Y  W  S  G  N  G  Y  E  V  N  N  N  N  W  G  K  D  S  A TCGGGCGGCCATCAGTGCACCTACGTCGACAGCAGCAGCTCCAGCGGCGTCGCCTGGCAC 1080  S  G  G  H  Q  C  T  Y  V  D  S  S  S  S  S  G  V  A  W  H ACGACCTGGCAGTGGGAAGGAGGCCAGAACCAGGTCAAGAGCTTCGCCAACTGCGGCCTG 1140  T  T  W  Q  W  E  G  G  Q  N  Q  V  K  S  F  A  N  C  G  L CAGGTGCCCAAGGGCAGGACCATCTCGTCCATCAGCAACCTGCAGACCTCCATCTCGTGG 1200  Q  V  P  K  G  R  T  I  S  S  I  S  N  L  Q  T  S  I  S  W TCCTACAGCAACACCAACATCCGCGCCAACGTGGCCTACGACCTCTTCACCGCGGCAGAC 1260  S  Y  S  N  T  N  I  R  A  N  V  A  Y  D  L  F  T  A  A  D CCGAACCACGCGACCAGCAGCGGCGACTACGAGCTCATGATCTGgtcagttttttttttc 1320  P  N  H  A  T  S  S  G  D  Y  E  L  M  I  W ttttttcttttcttctcttttcttttcttttcctttctcctgttttattttcttatccat 1380 tgcttcgccctctttccttaaccctgctgactctctcttcttgtcaatgatactgtaata 1440 gGCTGGCGAGATTCGGCGACGTCTACCCCATCGGCTCGTCCCAGGGCCACGTCAACGTGG 1500    L  A  R  F  G  D  V  Y  P  I  G  S  S  Q  G  H  V  N  V CCGGCCAGGACTGGGAGCTGTGGACGGGCTTCAACGGCAACATGCGGGTCTACAGCTTCG 1560 A  G  Q  D  W  E  L  W  T  G  F  N  G  N  M  R  V  Y  S  F TAGCGCCCAGCCCCCGCAACAGCTTCAGCGCCAACGTCAAGGACTTCTTCAACTATCTCC 1620 V  A  P  S  P  R  N  S  F  S  A  N  V  K  D  F  F  N  Y  L AGTCCAACCAGGGCTTCCCGGCCAGCAGCCAATACCTTCTCAgtaaggagacgagatctc 1680 Q  S  N  Q  G  F  P  A  S  S  Q  Y  L  L  I gaacagcataccatatatgcgtgcggtacaagtgcactaacccccttttttttcccgttc 1740 gcagTCTTCCAGGCGGGCACCGAGCCCTTCACCGGCGGCGAGACCACCCTTACCGTCAAC 1800        F  Q  A  G  T  E  P  F  T  G  G  E  T  T  L  T  V  N AACTACTCTGCAAGGGTTGCTTAAacaggaaggccgaggatggcccccaaggccgttgcg 1860  N  Y  S  A  R  V  A  * ggttcacgagctctcttcttttcaagtgctgtacatacataattagcgtaccaagtcata 1920 gctgtttgtcagcttcaaactaagtgctcgcccacaaaagaggggggaggggaaaataac 1980 aaattgccgaacgcagtgataagcttctgggagcgttgaaagcagtctacagtaggtggc 2040 tgyacgaaggaaaagagtgccttattaaagctatctacaaaggagacaaaacgactgata 2100 tttatggacaaagggactggccaatgcgttaaacagcctcatacagctgtagcatatata 2160 tggctaatacgtttggaagctctatagcttccgacacaccccctagttaaacgtagtagt 2220 cgtttaactacgctttgyggtgatactgttcttggtattatatcctttgtcgctcttacc 2280 tcgatagctccttcagggggcctgccttctgtattcggaagtctaaaagagtcgagtata 2340 gtagagcgattcctttaaagctatagatcaaatatggccattataactatagtagtaata 2400 gtattactagttttaatcataatagtaataataggatgacgcctcttatgcttgaatcaa 2460 tagatgactcgttaggtctacctattacaaacactataactgctagtaggtcgactcctg 2520 ctcctataacacctcgtaagtataagtatactaaagcttctataccgtaagtgttcctat 2580 tgtccctatttgattaactttattactagttttgtagttttcttagtagttctagcgatt 2640 taagcgagtttacgtggttcggcttcttctggttaatttgatagcgactctatcacagtt 2700 tctagcgctttactagtcacgtctagatcgtttaagctgactaaatatagcaacatcgaa 2760 gctagcgagctttgtaaggtaccctatagaatatatatacggtcggctctagtaggacgt 2820 tcttttagcaaatgtcacgatcattccggcgttagctcctactattactattatacctat 2880 agttcctataagtgtagggagatatacgttaatcgcctatacgtctaatagctcttataa 2940 tacttatactaactataatggtagtcttgcttcttatattaggtcggctaaggacttaac 3000 gaaggctctaatggatagagctaaggcttctataag 3036 SEQ ID No. 12: EG3 protein sequence. Signal (prepro)sequence is given in italic, the putative pro sequence underlined italic 1 MQPFLLLFLS SVTAAS PLTA   L DKR QQATLC EQYGYWSGNG YEVNNNNWGK 51 DSASGGHQCT YVDSSSSSGV AWHTTWQWEG GQNQVKSFAN CGLQVPKGRT 101 ISSISNLQTS ISWSYSNTNI RANVAYDLFT AADPNHATSS GDYELMIWLA 151 RFGDVYPIGS SQGHVNVAGQ DWELWTGFNG NMRVYSFVAP SPRNSFSANV                                               * 201 KDFFNYLQSN QGFPASSQYL LIFQAGTEPF TGGETTLTVN NYSARVA* SEQ ID No. 4: DNA sequence and amino acid of partial Chrysosporium GPD gene including promoter sequences. Promoter and intron sequences are given in small case. The 3′ end of the gene is lacking. tgagcagcaatgagcagcaatgagcattcctgggccaccgagtctgagtgccagtacgga 60 gtatcgtacttcgtaccggggtttgatttggtgacggtgcttttcacctctcgatgcccg 120 aaatcgggtctaagctgagtttgatcaaatatgtgactccaacatcgcccccttcggcaa 180 accccgtcgacacgtgtgtcatccttccattgcaagcgatcactcgcagggcgtgacgat 240 gaacgagatttttgcccggaccgattcgcggatatagcggcagccgaccagccctaccac 300 actgatggccgtgtcactagtgtatgctcccagaaccgcaagcatacactgggcaatgct 360 tggtatgcagttgaggcagctttatgtttccatacccttccacttcggctcggggactcg 420 gcggggtcgcggaagtttgacggcagccgtcgggccttaggccgagattaccgtggttgt 480 ggcccagttttagccgttcccgtccgtttcctaccggaccatgattttcgtgaaccattg 540 caatcccgaagcgcatttccgacgttaaggagttacctccgctgcccagaattcatgatc 600 gtggccggctcaaggcagcgtggcggggcatccgtgtcaagctcccaggaggaggtgcgc 660 gatttcaaatccgggccaaaacaggccaagactggctggccaaaaaaaggagcgtagacg 720 gcccgggacatcggacgtcagctcgcagccacccaaaaccggtccgatctactcgcttac 780 tgtggtagttcaggtacttttgagtagtaaaaacgctacggcagggccggggggttcccc 840 ggtgacggaggtgcctctgcggtggcgaacatcccacgcactctcgagctacggtgacac 900 ctcgtgtcctgttggtcttgcaatgctggggcggcaggaaatgcgtcgcgctcctcccgg 960 ccaagacctaaaacagacagcgccgcaaagtcgctcactagcaccgcgaaacgaagatgc 1020 cccacctcaacgcaatctgtgatgcaagcaattgggaaggctcaccccacctcagcgagg 1080 ggctcaaccatttttattatcagctcatgccaccacaacatgactgttttctttccttgc 1140 tcatcccacatttgacaaaaatcgtcgattaatctctttccatacaggccgtccgcgctc 1200 tgataaccacataaaagtctcttcagtcaacagctcaaagctccctcatccctccaggta 1260 agcagccaaagagctcccccacggaccccgcactgcctcatcccgcctgtatcggacctg 1320 cgcgacccagcagagaatcccaaacctttgctgcttgctgcccggttccggactgagctg 1380 caacccaagcctttaaaaagcttttcccttctcccacggtgtcaactctgtcctatccct 1440 ccgacatccgttgagctcaacaactccccgaaccttttaccccgcgccgagctacccctc 1500 catcaaaccaccctgacagctcgctcactcacctccccacatcacagaaatcaaaATGAC 1560                                                         M  T — TATCAAGGTCGGCATCAACGGTTTCGGCCGTATCGGCCGTATCGTCTTCCGCAACTCCAT 1620   I  K  V  G  I  N  G  F  G  R  I  G  R  I  V  F  R  N  S  I — CGAGCACTCGGATGTCGAGATCGTTGCCGTCAACGACCCCTTCATTGAGCCCAAGTACGC 1680   E  H  S  D  V  E  I  V  A  V  N  D  P  F  I  E  P  K  Y  A — Tgtaagtagttttttttttccttcctcgcgttctttcctgttccatcgacagtacgagat 1740 GatcttgcaggcggatcggagctaaccgcgattgtcgtacagGAGTACATGCTCAAGTAT 1800                                            E  Y  M  L  K  Y — GACTCGACCCACGGTATCTTCAACGGCACCATCGCCGTCGAGGGCAACGACCTCATTGTC 1860  D  S  T  H  G  I  F  N  G  T  I  A  V  E  G  N  D  L  I  V — AACGGCAAGAGGGTCAAGTTCTACACTGAGCGGGMCCCCGCCAACATTCCCTGGARGGAA 1920  N  G  K  R  V  K  F  Y  T  E  R  ?  P  A  N  I  P  W  ?  E — ACTGGTGCCGAGTACATMRTCGAGTCGACCGGTGTGTTCACCAMCACCSAGAAGGCTAGC 1980  T  G  A  E  Y  I  ?  E  S  T  G  V  F  T  ?  T  ?  K  A  S — GCCCACCTCAAGGGCGGCGCCAAGCGCGTCATCATCTCTGCTCCCTCGGCCGATGCCCCC 2040  A  H  L  K  G  G  A  K  R  V  I  I  S  A  P  S  A  D  A  P — ATGTACGTCATGGGCGTCAACGAGAAGACCTACGACGGCAAGGCCCAGGTCATCTCTAAC 2100  M  Y  V  M  G  V  N  E  K  T  Y  D  G  K  A  Q  V  I  S  N — GCCTCGTGCACCACCAACTGCCTGGCTCCCCTCGCCAAGGTCATCCACGACAAGTTCGGC 2160  A  S  C  T  T  N  C  L  A  P  L  A  K  V  I  H  D  K  F  G — CTCGTTGAGGGTCTCATGACCACCGTCCACTCCTACACTGCCACCCAGAAGACCGTCGAT 2220  L  V  E  G  L  M  T  T  V  H  S  Y  T  A  T  Q  K  T  V  D — GGTCCCTCTGCCAAGGACTGGCGTGGTGGCCGTGGTGCTGCTCAGAACATCATCCCCAGC 2280  G  P  S  A  K  D  W  R  G  G  R  G  A  A  Q  N  I  I  P  S — AGCACTGGCGCCGCCAAGGCCGTCGGCAAGGTCATCCCTGAGCTCAACGGCAAGCTCACC 2340  S  T  G  A  A  K  A  V  G  K  V  I  P  E  L  N  G  K  L  T — GGCATGTCCCTCCGTGTCCCCACCCCCAACGTTTCCGTTGTCGACCTCACCTGCCGCCTC 2400  G  M  S  L  R  V  P  T  P  N  V  S  V  V  D  L  T  C  R  L — GAGAAGGAGGCTACCTACGACGACATCAAGGCCGCCATCAAGGAGGCCGCCGCCGGCCCC 2460  E  K  E  A  T  Y  D  D  I  K  A  A  I  K  E  A  A  A  G  P — CTCAAGGgtgagttatctggttcctttttttttttttggagaacgacacatgctgataaa 2520  L  K  G acccagGCATCCTCGACTACACTGAGG 2547        I  L  D  Y  T  E SEQ ID No. 13: GPD protein sequence (the C-terminus is lacking in the sequence available). MTIKVGINGF GRIGRIVFRN SIEHSDVEIV AVNDPFIEPK YAEYMLKYDS THGIFNGTIA VEGNDLIVNG KRVKFYTER? PANIPW?ETG AEYI?ESTGV FT?T?KASAH LKGGAKRVII SAPSADAPMY VMGVNEKTYD GKAQVISNAS CTTNCLAPLA KVIHDKFGLV EGLMTTVHSY TATQKTVDGP SAKDWRGGRG AAQNIIPSST GAAKAVGKVI PELNGKLTGM SLRVPTPNVS VVDLTCRLEK EATYDDIKAA IKEAAAGPLK GILDYTE SEQ ID No. 5: C1-EG5 “25kD” (Family 45) gene obtained by PCR based on “25kD Endo” protein sequencing and family 45 homology analysis. −3309                                              GCTTAGGAG −3301 AATCACGAGAAGCTAATTGGGCTCTATAGTATCCGACAAGATGACCCAGAGCGAGATTGA −3241 GGATCTCGAGGGAACCCTGAAGCAGAGCAGCAACAACGACACCAGCCTCCTCCGCGACCT −3181 GCTCGACAAGATTCCCGATGGCCTCCTCGGCGGCAACAACAAATCCAAGCTGGACGATAT −3121 CCAGAGCAACGCGCAGGCCGCGCAGATGGAGAACCTGAGCGTCTCGCCGCGGGAACCCGA −3061 GGAGCTGACCAGATACGTCCAGGAAGTGTTCCGTCAGATCATGCCCGCCATCAAGTTCCA −3001 TGACCAGCTTCTCCAGGACATCTCGGAGGCCATCGACAAGATCCCGGTGCTGCCCAAGAT −2941 TGTGGAGCAGCTGGAGGAGCAGATGTCCATCTTTGTATTCCAGATCATGGCCCCGTTCGT −2881 creA GGTTCCGCTTATCGAGCAGATCAAGAACGAGCTCGCGACTGGCTCCAGCGAGATCATCCA −2821 GAGCAGCAGGGCTGAGCAGCACAACGTCTTTGAGGACGACAACGCCACCGACCCGACTCA −2761 CTCGATGTTGGCCAAGGACCACTTTAGTAACGTAAAGCCGACCCTAATCAGAAGCTCGCA −2701 TGTAGAATTGAGTTAGACTGACGCGACTTGTTTCCCGTCTCTGTAGATCCTCAACGAGAT −2641 CGGCGGTCGCGCCGCCTCCAAGGTCGTCTCCTGGGTCGTCCCGCAGCTCATGGAGGCCTG −2581 GGACGATGACAGCGTCGACGTGGACCGCCTGCTTGACAAGATCATTTACGGAGTGTTCCA −2521 CCATCCCGCGCAGCGCACCATGGGCCCTGAGGGGGCGTCCGAGGGCCGGGAGCTCATCTT −2461 CAACATGGTGCGCGAGTGGTGGGAGGACATGAGCGACGGGCAGCGCGACGAGTACCGGGG −2401 creA CAAGCTGAGCCGCGAGGGAGTCGAGAGAGGCGACAACCACCGCGAGGGCCAGCACGACTG −2341 CGGCCACGGCTGCGGGGGCAAGCTCAAGATGCACAAGAACTTCCGGAACGAGGCGCCCCA −2281 creA GACGGTAGAGGACCAGATCGCGGGCGCCGCCGCGGAGGCCATCATGGGAGGCGTCAAGCA −2221 creA GGGCCTGTCGCAGGCCGTGCAGAACGCCGCCGGCCGCCAGGAGTCGTCGGAGAGCAGCGG −2161 CCTGGGTGGGTTCATCAGCAGCGTCGCGGGCGGCCTCCTGGGCGGCGCCCTCAAGAGGGA −2101 CGAGACAGAGTCGTACCAGGCCGGCGGCCGCACCGAGGACGGCGGGTACACGCAGACCAC −2041 GACCGAGTACGGCTACTCCGGAGGCCGCTACGGCCAGGCCCAGTACACGGAGACGCAGTA −1981 CGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCCGCAGCGAGTACCGCCGCTACGAGCAGCGCGAGGATGATGA −1921 CGGCCGGGTCCAGAGCTACGGATACACGGAACAGCGCACCGAGACGCGCTACGACAGCTA −1861 CTCGGGTGGCTATGGCGGCCGCGAGGAGACCAGCAGCTATGGCGGCGGCGGCAGCGCGAG −1801 CGAATACATTCGTAGCTCCCAGCAGAGTAGCTACGGTGGCAGCGGCTATGGCAGTGGGTA −1741 CGGTCGTCGTGATGAAGAAGAGAGCAGCGGCTATGGAAGTGGTTACGGTCGTCGTGATGA −1681 AGAGGAGAGTGGTGGTTATGGTGGCGGCTATGGCCGCCGTCAGGAAGAAGAGAGTAGCAG −1621 CTATGGAAGCGGTTATGGTCGTCGTCGTGATGAAGAAGAGAGCGGCGGTTATGGTGGTGG −1561 CTACGGCCGCCGTCAGGAAGAAGAGAGTAGCGGCTATGGAAGTGGTTACGGTCGTCGTGA −1501 TGAAGAAGGGAGCGGCGGTTATGGTGGTGGCTACGGCCGCCGTCATGAGGAAGAGAGCAG −1441 TGGTTACGGCAGCGGCTATGGTCGTCGCCATGAAGAGGAGGGCGGTGGCTACGGCAGTGG −1381 TTACGGCCGCCGGCGCAACGACGAGGAGGAAGAGGAGGATGGCGGACGCCGGAGGTGGGG −1321 creA TTACTAGGGTGAACTCTTCCGGCCGGTCTCTTGTTGTGAACCTTGCTGTTGCATGGGCAG −1261 GACCGGTGCATCATGAACAGGACGGTGCGCTGTGTTTTTTTTTTCTCGGGGTCTTGATTG −1201 TTTGTTGAATCTCCCTTTTCGAGGATACGAGCTCTCTCGGGGACGAATAGATGAAGGCAA −1141 TCTGACAGATTTGCTCTCAAAAAAGACTGATATCTCTTCCACCATGCACTGTATGTACA −1081 nit2 TTACATACATTATCCCCCTCCACTGGATTCGCACAACGGAAAGCAATGGCGCGCTGATTC −1021 AAGAACCATCAGGGCTGTCATTGGCTTGTTTTGTGCCGTGGCCGCGGTGACGCCCACTAT −961 GACTCTCTGGGCAGGCGGCAACTGGGTGCCAGATATATTAATCCGGGGCATAGCGCATAT −901 creA CTTCCTTGATTTGTAGAGTACTAGTACACTAACCCCCTTCTCCACATGGGGCCACTGTTC −841 nit2 GGTAGATCTGCCCGAAGTGCAAGTGCGGGGGGGGCCAAACTAGGTAATATCCTCCCGCTC −781 creA TCCCGAGTGCGCGGACTAACCGTCATTGCTCCCAGAGGCTTGCACTCTATCGCAGGCCTT −721 nit2 TTCCAATAAGGATGGGGCGTTCGGCGGTGATGATGCCGGTCGTGCGGGGCATACGGGGAG −661 creA GGTAGATAGAAAATAACGACGCTGGTGTTTTGGAGAGGGGAGGGGGACTATTAGGGGAGG −601 creA   nit2 GAAATACAGGGGCAGGGGGTGAGACGGGTGACGTTCCGGCGGAACCTCGCGCTTGTGAAA −541 CAAGCAGCCCTGTTAGGTTGCTCTAGACTAGTGTACATACATACATATGTACATACTGTA −481 TGTACTGCACATACTTTAACTTGGTGCTTCCCTGTGAGCCGCCAGGAACATCACAACTGC −421 AAGCGGAAAAGGCCCCATATACGGGGCGGCTTGTCGGGATGGCTCCCCCCTTCGGAACGG −361 GTCTGACTTCCGAGGATTTTACCTGCTTCATTTGGGTATTCTGCGATGGCCTGTTCAACC −301 CTTCCCCTGGCCGAACCGTTTCTTGGCTCGATCCTAGTGTACACTACACTACTCGTAGAC −241 TGCCTGCCCGACGATCCGCGGGAACGGGCCAGGAGTGTGGAGTGGAGACGGGCGGCGGTG −181 creA ATGTCGTGTAATTAAATATATAAGTGAGAGTGTTTTTTGACTGCCCCGGGTTCTGGTAGT −121 TATA box TGAAGGGAAGTTCGATGCTCTCTGCTGTCGTCGCTCTCGTCGCTCTCGTCGGCATCCTCC −61 ATCCGTCCGCCTTTGATAACCCGCTCCCCGACTCAGTCAAGACGACGCATACTTGGCACC −1 ATGCATCTCTCCGCCACCACCGGGTTCCTCGCCCTCCCGGCCCTGGCCCTGGCCCAGCTC +60 Put.SS  M  H  L  S  A  T  T  G  F  L  A  L  P  A  L  A  L  A  Q  L 20 TCGGGCAGCGGCCAGACGACCCGGTACTGGGACTGCTGCAAGCCGAGCTGCGCCTGGCCC +120  S  G  S  G  Q  T  T  R  Y  W  D  C  C  K  P  S  C  A  W  P 40 GGCAAGGGCCCCTCGTCTCCGGTGCAGGCCTGCGACAAGAACGACAACCCGCTCAACGAC +180  G  K  G  P  S  S  P  V  Q  A  C  D  K  N  D  N  P  L  N  D 60 GGCGGCTCCACCCGGTCCGGCTGCGACGCGGGCGGCAGCGCCTACATGTGCTCCTCCCAG +240  G  G  S  T  R  S  G  C  D  A  G  G  S  A  Y  M  C  S  S  Q 80 AGCCCCTGGGCCGTCAGCGACGAGCTGTCGTACGGCTGGGCGGCCGTCAAGCTCGCCGGC +300  S  P  W  A  V  S  D  E  L  S  Y  G  W  A  A  V  K  L  A  G 100 AGCTCCGAGTCGCAGTGGTGCTGCGCCTGCTACGAGCTGACCTTCACCAGCGGGCCGGTC +360  S  S  E  S  Q  W  C  C  A  C  Y  E  L  T  F  T  S  G  P  V 120 GCGGGCAAGAAGATGATTGTGCAGGCGACCAACACCGGTGGCGACCTGGGCGACAACCAC +420  A  G  K  K  M  I  V  Q  A  T  N  T  G  G  D  L  G  D  N  H 140 TTTGACCTGGCCgtgagttgcctccccttctccccggaccgctcagattagatgagatta +480            Intron 1  F  D  L  A 144 gactttgctcgtaaatcggtccaagattcccttgactgaccaacaaacatcatacgggca +540 gATCCCCGGTGGCGGTGTCGGTATTTTCAACGgtaagctggtgcccccggacccctcccc +600                               Intron 2   I  P  G  G  G  V  G  I  F  N 154 ggacccctcccccttttcctccagcgagccgagttgggatcgccgagatcgagaactcac +660 acaacttctctctcgacagCCTGCACCGACCAGTACGGCGCTCCCCCGAACGGCTGGGGC +720                    A  C  T  D  Q  Y  G  A  P  P  N  G  W  G 168 GACCGCTACGGCGGCATCCATTCCAAGGAAGAGTGCGAATCCTTCCCGGAGGCCCTCAAG +780  D  R  Y  G  G  I  H  S  K  E  E  C  E  S  F  P  E  A  L  K 188 CCCGGCTGCAACTGGCGCTTCGACTGgtacgttgctttgacataccggaacccaattcct +840                           Intron 3  P  G  C  N  W  R  F  D  W 197 ccaacccccccccttttctcccccaactccgggggtagtcggaatgtcgcgactgaccct +900 atttcagGTTCCAAAACGCCGACAACCCGTCGGTCACCTTCCAGGAGGTGGCCTGCCCGT +960          F  Q  N  A  D  N  P  S  V  T  F  Q  E  V  A  C  P 214 CGGAGCTCACGTCCAAGAGCGGCTGCTCCCGTTAAGAGGGAAGAGAGGGGGCTGGAAGGA +1020 t25 S  E  L  T  S  K  S  G  C  S  R  * 225 CCGAAAGATTCAACCTCTGCTCCTGCTGGGGAAGCTCGGGCGCGAGTGTGAAACTGGTGT +1080 t85 AAATATTGTGGCACACACAAGCTACTACAGTCCGTCTCGCCGTCCGGCTAACTAGCCTTG +1140 t145 CTGCGGATCTGTCCATCTTCGGTCCGAACTGTCCGTTGCTGTTTTGGCTCGGTGCCTCAT +1200 t205 CTTCTCCCAACCTAGTCAAGAATGAATCGTGAGAGAGGCTGAGAGAGATAAGATCGACTT +1260 t265 CAGAAATCCAGGGTTGAAAGCAATAAAAAATTCCTGTGGGATGAATATCTCGTGATGC +1320 polyA site AACGACCCTCCTAGGAAACCTTGACGAAATTTGCTGACGGCAAATTCTTCAAAGACTCGT +1380 t385 TAACCGGTCGCCCGTAGTGGTCCTGTTGCCCCAATCCGTTTGTGTTGAAATGACATTGCG +1440 t445 CGTAACGCCGGACTCATATCAACTGCGTACCGAAAGCCAATCCCTCCCCAAACACGCCCT +1500 t505 CTCTAATAAGCTCTCCCAAACAAGACCTCTTGAGACAGAAAATACGCCCAGATGCTGAGG +1560 t565 ACTTGACAAGCCGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGCTTGTCAAGTGCAAAAACTTGCCCATTTCATGC +1620 t625 TGGTATCAAAAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACATTTCAAGTCGCGGATGCCCCATTTACAT +1680 t685 TGCTTGCGTGCGCCAATAGAAACTTGCAACACGTCAGTGTCATCTTGCACGCCTTGG +1737 t742 SEQ ID No. 14: C1-EG5 “25 kD” Protein sequence MHLSATTGFL ALPALALAQL SGSGQTTRYW DCCKPSCAWP GKGPSSPVQA CDKNDNPLND GGSTRSGCDA GGSAYMCSSQ SPWAVSDELS YGWAAVKLAG SSESQWCCAC YELTFTSGPV AGKKMIVQAT NTGGDLGDNH FDLAIPGGGV GIFNACTDQY GAPPNGWGDR YGGIHSKEEC ESFPEALKPG CNWRFDWFQN ADNPSVTFQE VACPSELTSK SGCSR SEQ ID No. 6: C1-EG6 “43kD” (Family 6) was obtained by PCR based on “43kD Endo” protein sequencing and family 6 cellulases homology analysis. −2508       GGATCCACACCTACCATACCGGATAGTATGCTACCCAAGTGACATAGG −2461 GTTGGTAAAGTAATACGAGAACTCAGAGAGCACTGCCCATATGGCTCGCCAATGACCTCA −2401 AGTGCCAGGTCAGCTTTGCGAGACAGACCTGAGCGCGTCGGATGTGTGACATGGAACGCG −2341 CCGGATCGCCTTGTTGATTAATTATAGGGAAGTAGCGAGGAAGGTTTCAGCAATTGACGT −2281 GAGCGTACATTAAAAGCTGTATGATTTCAGGAAGACGAGCCATGGACCAGGTTTCAAGGC −2221 TGAATGGCTTGACGACTTAAGCACCGAACGAGGAATGAAAGAATGAAAAGTGGGGGATCA −2161 creA TTCTGGCCCCTCCTCGTATGTCGAGTGTTAAAGAAGGCGGTTCTACGGAGGACCTAAAGA −2101 GCTCCAATTTGCTCTGTTGAGCTTAAGCCACATATCTCAAGATGAATACATGTCAGGCAT −2041 AGTCACCCTGATCTTGTTCATCAGTCCACACACTTTTCAGTTCAGCATGTTGATTCCTCA −1981 TCCATATCACTTTCCATTACTATCTCTTTATGTCCTTGGTCAAGACTCCAAGGAACCGAT −1921 AGGTGAGCATCGGTGAGGCTCCCTCAAGGTACCAAAGTAGCCATCATCACCGAGGTCTGG −1861 GAATGGCGCCGTGCCCGATCTGAGTCCTCCAACTCCACGGTACGACGACAGCACGTCACA −1801 TTGACGCACCACGGTTGAACAAGCAGAGAGGGACACGTCTTGCTACGCGAATCCTGGCAC −1741 TGGATGGAGACGCGTGTGAGCAGGTTTCCGGAACCATGACGGCCTGGTCCGGCTTCTCGA −1681 ACAAAGAAGTGGAACACAAAAAGAACCGAAACGGAAACGCAGGCACGGCATCGACGACCG −1621 GATTGTCCCACGGGGACCTCGGCCAGTCAAGCGTTGCCCTGGCCGTCAGCTCCCTGGCGA −1561 CGGGGATTCAGCACATCTCACGTTATAGGCGACCTCATCCCCCTTCCGTCTTGTGCGGTC −1501 GTTGCTCCGTGCCGAGTACCCAGGCGTGCCGGGGCCTTTAGCCGGGGCGGAATCAGAGTC −1441 creA AAGATGCGGCCGAATTGGACGGCAGACGAAGTTTCGTAGAGGGTCATGATCGGCACTGAC −1381 GACACCCACCCCTGCGTGATCCCGTGGCCCTGGGCTGGGAATTGCCGGCTAATAATCTAC −1321 GGCTTAATAGATATGCACTTTGCACGCGGTGCAGATAAATAAGCTGTGGTTTCAAACACT −1261 GGCCTCCGTACTTTACCCACCAACTGCCGCTTAGCGCCGGGACCTGAGTCTTGGGAGTGC −1201 GCGGAGCGGCAGCCACCTCGGGTTAGCGTACACACGACGGCTGCATGCGGGGATGCCGCG −1141 creA TGCATGGCTTCATAGTGTACGACAGACCGTCAAGTCCAAATCTGGGTGATGCTTGATGAG −1081 creA ATGACAGCGAGCCCCGTCGGCGGCACCCCGGCTATGCATCGCGAATTGACAACACTCTCA −1021 GCTCTATTGCGACCCATCGGATAAAAGAAGAAGAAAAAAATGGACCTTGAGTACGGGCGT −961 CAGAAACCAAAAAAAAACTCCGGAACCAAATATGTCGGGCATGGCCGGGGTGAACGACCG −901 CTACTCCCCGTTCCCTTCTTCGCAAACAGAACGCTACAGAGGGTTTTCTGGTTTGTCAAA −841 GAGTTCGGAGGTCCTCTGCTCCGCGAATGCGTGGTGAACCCACCAGCAGCCATTGTTCTT −781 GCATGCGTGGCGGACCGTTAGCCGCTGATCGACATGGCGAGCTTCCCACCTCAGACCTGG −721 creA AGCAGACGGTTGCGAGGAGCAAGGGGCTGCCCTCCCCCTGACGGTCGGACCCCAATGACT −661 TCCCCAAACGGGGACATCGAGGGTCGTGCATGATGGTGGAAAGTAGTTGCAGTATGGGAA −601 GTACCCCGGGTTGCCAGGAACCGTTGTTCGGCCCCCCACATTTTCTCTCTGCCATGTCAA −541 CTGTGTGTCGTTCGAGAGTTCCTGGCTCCGGCCCCCCGTCCAATTCCCTAACGGGACCGC −481 creA GGGGCATCGCCTGTAACTAACTTCCAAATGAAGCCGGATATGAGGGAGGGAGATTGGATC −421 TGGCAAGCCAGCCATTCGCTGCGATCGGCACTCGTCCGTCAGCCCCGCAGTCCATATCCC −361 areA CAAAGGCAACTGCTCGGCGCGGCTCAAGTCTTCTTCGGAACGTCCAGCCCGAAGGCGCGC −301 GCCAGCACCGGCCCTATGTTCCTGATTGCGATCCTCGATCTCCAGAGACGGGTCACCTCG −241 CCTCGAGGACGGTGCAGGGGCATCGGCTTCGCTTCCTAGAGCTCCGGGCTGTGTGTGGTC −181 AAGGGGAGAAGGCGGCGGCGCCAAGGTGCGTCTCGGCGCACTCACCCATCGCCTTTACCC −121 CCCTCCCCCCCAGTATATAAAAGATGGCCATCGTCTCCTCGTCTGCTTGGGAAGAAAGGA −61 TCTCTCGACCATGCACCACAGCCTAGCTCTAACCCAGCTTGTCGTGTGTTGTTGCCCAGC −1 transc.ini. ATGAAGTTCGTGCAGTCCGCCACCCTGGCGTTCGCCGCCACGGCCCTCGCTGCGCCCTCG +60 Putative Signal Seq  M  K  F  V  Q  S  A  T  L  A  F  A  A  T  A  L  A  A  P  S 20 CGCACGACTCCCCAGAAGCCCCGCCAGGCCTCGGCGGGCTGCGCGTCGGCCGTGACGCTC +120  R  T  T  P  Q  K  P  R  Q  A  S  A  G  C  A  S  A  V  T  L 40 GATGCCAGCACCAACGTGTTCCAGCAGTACACGCTGCACCCCAACAACTTCTACCGTGCC +180  D  A  S  T  N  V  F  Q  Q  Y  T  L  H  P  N  N  F  Y  R  A 60 GAGGTCGAGGCTGCCGCCGAGGCCATCTCCGACTCGGCGCTGGCCGAGAAGGCCCGCAAG +240  E  V  E  A  A  A  E  A  I  S  D  S  A  L  A  E  K  A  R  K 80 GTCGCCGACGTCGGTACCTTCCTGTGGCTCGACACCATCGAGAACATTGGCCGGCTGGAG +300  V  A  D  V  G  T  F  L  W  L  D  T  I  E  N  I  G  R  L  E 100 CCCGCGCTCGAGGACGTGCCCTGCGAGAACATCGTGGGTCTCGTCATCTACGACCTCCCG +360  P  A  L  E  D  V  P  C  E  N  I  V  G  L  V  I  Y  D  L  P 120 GGCCGTGACTGCGCGGCCAAGGCCTCCAACGGCGAGCTCAAGGTCGGCGAGCTCGACAGG +420  G  R  D  C  A  A  K  A  S  N  G  E  L  K  V  G  E  L  D  R 140 TACAAGACCGAGTACATCGACAgtgagttaaccctttgtggccccttcttttcccccgag +480                     Intron 1  Y  K  T  E  Y  I  D 147 agagcgtctggttgagtggggttgtgagagagaaaatggggcgagcttaaagactgacgt +540 gttggctcgcagAGATCGCCGAGATCCTCAAGGCCCACTCCAACACGGCCTTCGCCCTCG +600             K  I  A  E  I  L  K  A  H  S  N  T  A  F  A  L 163 TCATCGAGCCCGACTCGCTCCCCAACCTGGTCACCAATAGCGACCTGCAGACGTGCCAGC +660 V  I  E  P  D  S  L  P  N  L  V  T  N  S  D  L  Q  T  C  Q 183 AGAGCGCTTCCGGCTACCGCGAGGGTGTCGCCTATGCCCTCAAGCAGCTCAACCTCCCCA +720 Q  S  A  S  G  Y  R  E  G  V  A  Y  A  L  K  Q  L  N  L  P 203 ACGTGGTCATGTACATCGATGCCGGCCACGGTGGCTGGCTCGGCTGGGACGCCAACCTCA +780 N  V  V  M  Y  I  D  A  G  H  G  G  W  L  G  W  D  A  N  L 223 AGCCCGGCGCCCAGGAGCTCGCCAGCGTCTACAAGTCTGCTGGTTCGCCCTCGCAAGTCC +840 K  P  G  A  Q  E  L  A  S  V  Y  K  S  A  G  S  P  S  Q  V 243 GCGGTATCTCCACCAACGTGGCTGGTTGGAACGCCTGgtaagacactctatgtccccctc +900                                      Intron 2 R  G  I  S  T  N  V  A  G  W  N  A  W 256 gtcggtcaatggcgagcggaatggcgtgaaatgcatggtgctgacctttgatcttttccc +960 cctcctatagGGACCAGGAGCCCGGTGAGTTCTCGGACGCCTCGGATGCCCAGTACAACA +1020             D  Q  E  P  G  E  F  S  D  A  S  D  A  Q  Y  N 272 AGTGCCAGAACGAGAAGATCTACATCAACACCTTTGGCGCTGAGCTCAAGTCTGCCGGCA +1080 K  C  Q  N  E  K  I  Y  I  N  T  F  G  A  E  L  K  S  A  G 292 TGCCCAACCACGCCATCATCGACACTGGCCGCAACGGTGTCACCGGTCTCCGCGACGAGT +1140 M  P  N  H  A  I  I  D  T  G  R  N  G  V  T  G  L  R  D  E 312 GGGGTGACTGGTGCAACGTCAACGGCGCCGGCTTCGGTGTGCGCCCGACTGCCAACACTG +1200 W  G  D  W  C  N  V  N  G  A  G  F  G  V  R  P  T  A  N  T 332 GCGACGAGCTCGCCGACGCCTTCGTGTGGGTCAAGCCCGGTGGCGAGTCCGACGGCACCA +1260 G  D  E  L  A  D  A  F  V  W  V  K  P  G  G  E  S  D  G  T 352 GCGACTCGTCGGCGGCGCGCTACGACAGCTTCTGCGGCAAGCCCGACGCCTTCAAGCCCA +1320 S  D  S  S  A  A  R  Y  D  S  F  C  G  K  P  D  A  F  K  P 372 GCCCCGAGGCCGGTACCTGGAACCAGGCCTACTTCGAGATGCTCCTCAAGAACGCCAACC +1380 S  P  E  A  G  T  W  N  Q  A  Y  F  E  M  L  L  K  N  A  N 392 CGTCCTTCTAAGCTCCTCGACGGCTTCTTGCTGTCAGTCGCTCTGACGGTGGTGTGCTGG +1440 t49 P  S  F  * 395 TGGTGCCCCTGCTCCTGCTGCTGCTGCTCCGCGGGGAGGGGAGGCAACGAAAATGAAGTC +1500 t109 CTGCTTCAAAACAAAACAGAAACAAGCGAGGCGCGGTGCAATGGTCGTGCGTTCGTCTTT +1560 t169 TTTCATGTTCCCTTCTAGTGTAGTAGTTTGATAGTCGTACATAAGGGGTTTCAGAACCGT +1620 t229 CTCTCTGTCTCGGTCTTTTTGCGAGTTGTTGCGACTCGTGATTATGGCCTTTGTTGCTCG +1680 t289 TTGCGGCAGAGTAGAACCACAGCGTGTTGGGGTAGCAGCTTGCTCCGTAGGACGTAGGGA +1740 t349 AACAACCTGAGACTCTGGAATTGCAGTCAGCCTGCGTCGCCCCTCTAGGAAACGAAGGGG +1800 t409 AGAACCAGTAGTGGCTGCAGCTTACAAACGCGAGCATGGTGAACATCTCCGAGAAAAGGG +1860 t469 AGGGATCC +1868 t477    BamHI SEQ ID No. 15: C1-EG6 “43 kD” Protein sequence MKFVQSATLA FAATALAAPS RTTPQKPRQA SAGCASAVTL DASTNVFQQY TLHPNNFYRA EVEAAAEAIS DSALAEKARK VADVGTFLWL DTIENIGRLE PALEDVPCEN IVGLVIYDLP GRDCAAAASN GELKVGELDR YKTEYIDKIA EILKAHSNTA FALVIEPDSL PNLVTNSDLQ TCQQSASGYR EGVAYALKQL NLPNVVMYTD AGHGGWLGWD ANLKPGAQEL ASVYKSAGSP SQVRGISTNV AGWNAWDQEP GEFSDASDAQ YNKCQNEKIY INTFGAELKS AGMPNHAIID TGRNGVTGLR DEWGDWCNVN GAGFGVRPTA NTGDELADAF VWVKPGGESD GTSDSSAARY DSFCGKPDAF KPSPEAGTWN QAYFEMLLKN ANPSF SEQ ID No. 7 (DNA) and SEQ ID No. 16 (protein): Chrysosporium xylanase F (partial) TGACCTTCTCCTCCTTCTCCCGAACAATAATAGATAATTACGAGCCGGTTCGAGGCTGAC 1 ATTGCGCGATTCTAGCGAGCCGCAATCAATTCAACTTTGCCAACGCCGACGCGGTTGTC 61                   S  R  N  Q  F  N  F  A  N  A  D  A  V  V AACTTTGCCCAGGCCAACGGCAAGCTCATCCGCGGCCACACCCTCCTCTGGCACTCTCAG 120  N  F  A  Q  A  N  G  K  L  I  R  G  H  T  L  L  W  H  S  Q CTGCCGCAGTGGGTGCAGAACATCAACGACCGCAACACCTTGACCCAGGTCATCGAGAAC 180   L  P  Q  W  V  Q  N  I  N  D  R  N  T  L  T  Q  V  I  E  N CACGTCACCACCCTTGTCACTCGCTACAAGGGCAAGATCCTCCACTGGGACGTCGTTAAC 240   H  V  T  T  L  V  T  R  Y  K  G  K  I  L  H  W  D  V  V  N GAGATCTTTGCCGAGGACGGCTCGCTCCGCGACAGCGTCTTCAGCCGCGTCCTCGGCGAG 300   E  I  F  A  E  D  G  S  L  R  D  S  V  F  S  R  V  L  G  E GACTTTGTCGGCATCGCCTTCCGCGCCGCCCGCGCCGCCGATCCCAACGCCAAGCTCTAC 360   D  F  V  G  I  A  F  R  A  A  R  A  A  D  P  N  A  K  L  Y ATCAACGACTACAGGTCGACA 420   I  N  D  Y  R  S  T — SEQ ID No. 8 (DNA) and SEQ ID Nos. 17-18 (protein): C1-EG3 (Family 12) gene tragment obtained by PCR based on family 12 cellulases homology analysis. GAATTCGGGGATTACGAGCTAATGATCTGgtcagttttttttttcttttt        g  d  y  e  l  m  i  w tcttttcttcncttttcttttcttttcctttctcctgttttattttctta 100 tccattgcttcgccctctttccttaaccctgctgactctctcttcttgtc aatgatactgtaatagGCTGGCGAGATTCGGCGACGTCTACCCCATCGGC 200                   L  A  R  F  G  D  V  Y  P  I  G TCGTCCCAGGGCCACGTCAACGTGGCCGGCCAGGACTGGGAGCTGTGGAC  S  S  Q  G  H  V  N  V  A  G  Q  D  W  E  L  W  T GGGCTTCAANGGNAACATGCGGGTCTACAGCTTCGTAGCGCCCANCCCC 299   G  F  X  G  N  M  R  V  Y  S  F  V  A  P  X  P CGCAACAGNTTCAGCGCCAACGTCAAGGACTTCTTCAACTATCTCCAGTC  r  n  x  f  s  a  n  v  k  d  f  f  n  y  l  q  s CAACCAGGGCTTCCCGGCCAGCAGCCAATACCTTCTCAAgtaaggagacga 400   n  q  g  f  p  a  s  s  q  y  l  l  n? gatctcgaacagcataccatatatgcgtgcggtacaagtgcactaaccccc tttttttcccgttcgcagtCTTCCAGTTCGGCACTG 487 SEQ ID No. 9 (DNA) and SEQ ID No. 19 (protein): Chrysosporium cellobiohydrolase CBH1 TTTNGGGCGCCGTCTTACTCCTACCTTGCACCGTGATCGGCCAGTCGCGCTGCGAGGGCG 1    ?  G  A  V  L  L  L  P  C  T  V  I  G  Q  S  R  C  E  G ACTCGTGCGGCGGTACCTACAGCACCGACCGCTATGCCGGCATCTGCGACCCCGACGGAT 61 D  S  C  G  G  T  Y  S  T  D  R  Y  A  G  I  C  D  P  D  G GCGACTTCAACTCGTACCGCCAGGGCAACAAGACCTTCTACGGCAAGGGCATGACGGTCG 121 C  D  F  N  S  Y  R  Q  G  N  K  T  F  Y  G  K  G  M  T  V ACACGACCAAGAAGATCACGGTCGTCACCCAGTTCCTCAAGAACTCGGCCGGCGAGCTCT 181 D  T  T  K  K  I  T  V  V  T  Q  F  L  K  N  S  A  G  E  L CCGAGATCAAGCGGTTCTACGTCCAGAACGGCAAGGTCATCCCCAACTCCGAGTCCACCA 241 S  E  I  K  R  F  Y  V  Q  N  G  K  V  I  P  N  S  E  S  T TCCCGGGCGTCGAGGGCAACTCCATCACCCAGGACTGGTGCGACCGCCAGAAGGCCGCCT 301 I  P  G  V  E  G  N  S  I  T  Q  D  W  C  D  R  Q  K  A  A TCGGCGACGTGACCGACTTCCAGGACAAGGGCGGCATGGTCCAGATGGGCAAGGCCCTCG 361 F  G  D  V  T  D  F  Q  D  K  G  G  M  V  Q  M  G  K  A  L CGGGGCCCATGGTCCTCGTCATGTCCATATGGGACGACCACGCCAGTNAACA 421 A  G  P  M  V  L  V  M  S  I  W  D  D  H  A  S  ?

19 1 4451 DNA Chrysosporium lucknowense modified_base (2941) a, t, c, g, other or unknown 1 aaggtatccg atttggggaa cgtcgatgaa agtattgcaa aagtgacgag agttgcgcaa 60 ctaactcgct gccgaagaag ctgcggaaga aagagaacac cgaaagtgga ataacgttac 120 ggatgtcctg acctcaaagt tgaaaccagc ccttcctgct ctatttggga aagcggcttg 180 cccttgaatg cgctgcactg tggcacgact accagtgatc gggaggagca aactaccctg 240 gtccgttcct tggtggggcg gcactaggcc caacttaggg tgatcggagg tcgatgccgc 300 ggtcctcgtt ggtctgggct cttctcattt cccggtttgc accccccgtt gcacctgctg 360 atcgcccgcc aacgccgatg aggttgcgcc cagaccgaca atcaccgcgg ctgcattccc 420 aagtatattg aagatggcac caggtacccg gttttgcgtc ccagtcgttt ggtgccaaat 480 ttgggagttt ttgagcctca agatctgggg aaatcgacct caacttccat acaagttaaa 540 gtcgcacaca cggcgagttc cacgaagaga cacatttttt tctgaaggcc tctctccccg 600 cacatcagaa accaccaaat accaagactg cagaagccgg ggtaagtggg ccaccgggac 660 tacactaaaa tgcggggaga agcgagatcc gttgcgaagg gaagggatgg ggtgtgctgc 720 ggctttctcc gctctcgtgc gccttttgct tgaatctagt gtacaccagg gtaggctccg 780 aaggagtatc tacggcagcg ctgttcgtgc tgcgttgaga gtcagggcgg agacgagcag 840 gcgacaggag cctcgcaccg gcacttcgga tcgcatttgc gcggagcgtc aaatacgctc 900 ttctgcggtc atcagagagc atcgtgaacc aaggttcttc cgcagggcgg cctgggcttc 960 gcagagtcgc actcggcgga cgccttccgt gtcacccctg ataacctggc tgccgcgccc 1020 agactcctcc aatgaggtgt gtggttgccc tcgccgaccc ttcagcaacc ttaatcgctt 1080 ccatcgcacg gctccacgtc ctcgaacgat gccctcagtc cgtgcccggc cgtggcaacc 1140 ataacgtgac atcgccgccc agcctactag ccgctatcga ccggttaggc ttgtcaccgc 1200 agcgcccatt ctccatcggg cctctactct gatccacctc acccaccgca agcactagcg 1260 agcctcacca gagtgcaagc gacacgaccc gcttggccct tcgtccttga ctatctccca 1320 gacctcttgc catcttgccg acgccgcccc cttttttttc tcctccccct gccggcaggt 1380 cggtggcccc agtcccgaga tggcattgct ccgttgtcca tgacgaccca tcattcgatg 1440 gctgactggc acactcgtct tgtttgagca tcgacggccc gcggcccgtc tcccacggta 1500 cggaacctcg ttgtacagta cctctcgtaa tgatacccaa caccggggcc gagcgctggg 1560 agggcggcgt tcccgagaag ccgggaaggc ggctggccgg ctgacctttg tgacttggcg 1620 atggatgcgg ccatggagaa tgtccgtccg aagcgacgcg acaattagcc tggctaccat 1680 cgatataaat tgggtgattc ccagctcttg atgggcgtgt cttctgcctg gcagccctcg 1740 tcttcagatc aagcaactgt gtgctgatcc tcttccgcca tgtacgccaa gttcgcgacc 1800 ctcgccgccc ttgtggctgg cgccgctgct cagaacgcct gcactctgac cgctgagaac 1860 cacccctcgc tgacgtggtc caagtgcacg tctggcggca gctgcaccag cgtccagggt 1920 tccatcacca tcgacgccaa ctggcggtgg actcaccgga ccgatagcgc caccaactgc 1980 tacgagggca acaagtggga tacttcgtac tgcagcgatg gtccttcttg cgcctccaag 2040 tgctgcatcg acggcgctga ctactcgagc acctatggca tcaccacgag cggtaactcc 2100 ctgaacctca agttcgtcac caagggccag tactcgacca acatcggctc gcgtacctac 2160 ctgatggaga gcgacaccaa gtaccagagt aagttcctct cgcacccggc cgccgggaga 2220 tgatggcgcc cagcccgctg acgcgaatga cacagtgttc cagctcctcg gcaacgagtt 2280 caccttcgat gtcgacgtct ccaacctcgg ctgcggcctc aatggcgccc tctacttcgt 2340 gtccatggat gccgatggtg gcatgtccaa gtactcgggc aacaaggcag gtgccaagta 2400 cggtaccggc tactgtgatt ctcagtgccc ccgcgacctc aagttcatca acggcgaggc 2460 caacgtagag aactggcaga gctcgaccaa cgatgccaac gccggcacgg gcaagtacgg 2520 cagctgctgc tccgagatgg acgtctggga ggccaacaac atggccgccg ccttcactcc 2580 ccacccttgc accgtgatcg gccagtcgcg ctgcgagggc gactcgtgcg gcggtaccta 2640 cagcaccgac cgctatgccg gcatctgcga ccccgacgga tgcgacttca actcgtaccg 2700 ccagggcaac aagaccttct acggcaaggg catgacggtc gacacgacca agaagatcac 2760 ggtcgtcacc cagttcctca agaactcggc cggcgagctc tccgagatca agcggttcta 2820 cgtccagaac ggcaaggtca tccccaactc cgagtccacc atcccgggcg tcgagggcaa 2880 ctccatcacc caggactggt gcgaccgcca gaaggccgcc ttcggcgacg tgaccgactt 2940 ncaggacaag ggcggcatgg tccagatggg caaggccctc gcggggccca tggtcctcgt 3000 catgtccatc tgggacgacc acgccgtcaa catgctctgg ctcgactcca cctggcccat 3060 cgacggcgcc ggcaagccgg gcgccgagcg cggtgcctgc cccaccacct cgggcgtccc 3120 cgctgaggtc gaggccgagg cccccaactc caacgtcatc ttctccaaca tccgcttcgg 3180 ccccatcggc tccaccgtct ccggcctgcc cgacggcggc agcggcaacc ccaacccgcc 3240 cgtcagctcg tccaccccgg tcccctcctc gtccaccaca tcctccggtt cctccggccc 3300 gactggcggc acgggtgtcg ctaagcacta tgagcaatgc ggaggaatcg ggttcactgg 3360 ccctacccag tgcgagagcc cctacacttg caccaagctg aatgactggt actcgcagtg 3420 cctgtaaacg aacctctctg aaggaggttc tgagacacgc gcgattcttc tgtatatagt 3480 tttatttttc actctggagt gcttcgctcc accagtacat aaaccttttt tttcacgtaa 3540 caaaatggct tcttttcaga ccatgtgaac catcttgatg ccttgacctc ttcagttctc 3600 actttaacgt agttcgcgtt agtctgtatg tcccagttgc atgtagttga gataaatacc 3660 cctggaagtg ggtctgggcc tttgtgggac ggagccctct ttctgtggtc tggagagccc 3720 gctctctacc gcctaccttc ttaccacagt acactactca cacattgctg aactgaccca 3780 tcataccgta ctttatcctg ttaattcgtg gtgctgtcga ctattctatt tgctcaaatg 3840 gagagcacat tcatcggcgc agggatacac ggtttatgga ccccaagagt gtaaggacta 3900 ttattagtaa tattatatgc ctctaggcgc cttaacttca acaggcgagc actactaatc 3960 aacttttggt agacccaatt acaaacgacc atacgtgccg gaaattttgg gattccgtcc 4020 gctctcccca accaagctag aagaggcaac gaacagccaa tcccggtgct aattaaatta 4080 tatggttcat tttttttaaa aaaatttttt cttcccattt tcctctcgct tttctttttc 4140 gcatcgtagt tgatcaaagt ccaagtcaag cgagctattt gtgctatagc tcggtggcta 4200 taatcagtac agcttagaga ggctgtaaag gtatgatacc acagcagtat tcgcgctata 4260 agcggcactc ctagactaat tgttacggtc tacagaagta ggtaataaaa gcgttaattg 4320 ttctaaatac tagaggcact tagagaagct atctaaatat atattgaccc tagcttatta 4380 tccctattag taagttagtt agctctaacc tatagatagc caaatgctat aataggtacc 4440 agggttcaaa a 4451 2 3028 DNA Chrysosporium lucknowense modified_base (46)..(47) a, t, c, g, other or unknown 2 tcatcaactt ggcgtttgga tgtactaata ttacacgtcg tttgcnnagc ggagtctgtg 60 tcatctccgt ggggtcgggt gctccagacg acgcttcggg ccgatcctga attcgggaag 120 gaaacggttc ggctaatcag gtcctctaaa atataacgaa gcactacaga gggagttcct 180 cagaggacat cgtatcaacc gaagaacgaa gcgccgaaag gactgatcaa aacaggagta 240 ggtagggatg tgtgagtacc taaactttcc atacctgaca taaaatcatc atggtgcttc 300 agacctgttt gatgaggcga gggcggaggc cgcattgtat tttcgttcct tccttctttt 360 tgttagtata tctnagggtt ccatcgtaaa atggaatctt ccagctctac tagtaattag 420 aacaatagtt ctgatgtcgt gcgccaagct ttttcagatg actgccaaaa acccatcatg 480 ggtatggaca aaagcagtaa tcggagtcac aacgccgcat tttccttcat gatttccgtc 540 aaccggagag gtcggaggag gactccggcc acatgtgatg cgaagaagta catggcgcca 600 tggttctaac ctcttatagt ctgaaaatgc gcggaggcca gcgaagccaa gcccgggaac 660 cgttcttgtc atggtttcag tattgtttcg ctaaacattc tatccgattc gcgataggtg 720 cggctgccac cgaaggttgt atccttaaag ctttggtaag tacggagtac ggaaatggaa 780 acgcgccgca gtcctggttc catcggtatc ctccgcatgc tccgccaaaa aaagaaaacc 840 cgggtatgtt tacaaaggat ataagagaca agatgcacca cccgccccct tcccatctgc 900 cggttgccca cgtcgccgtc gactgcttgt ccgcttccta cctgcagcct ctttcagaga 960 ccatcaaaca tgcgtactct tacgttcgtg ctggcagccg ccccggtggc tgtgcttgcc 1020 caatctcctc tgtggggcca gtgtatgtaa ttgccttact cggaaaatag tcaccactag 1080 agggacttaa gctcactact tcctgtttca caataggcgg cggtcaaggc tggacaggtc 1140 ccacgacctg cgtttctggc gcagtatgcc aattcgtcaa gtcagtaact gcttttattt 1200 cttttctctc tgggattacg atttcgtttt gcacttagct tggttctgca tttcattgtt 1260 gtattgttct ctttttgtgt gtgagaggtt ttattaccac ctaaaggcca tttgctaaca 1320 aatctcccca gtgactggta ctcccaatgc gtgcccggat cgagcaaccc tcctacgggc 1380 accaccagca gcaccactgg aagcaccccg gctcctactg gcggcggcgg cagcggaacc 1440 ggcctccacg acaaattcaa ggccaagggc aagctctact tcggaaccga gatcgatcac 1500 taccatctca acaacaatgc cttgaccaac attgtcaaga aagactttgg tcaagtcact 1560 cacgagaaca gcttgaagtg ggatgctact gagcgtgagt gacctctcct ccttctcccg 1620 acaataatag ataattacga gccggttcga ggctgacatt gcgcgattct agcgagccgc 1680 aatcaattca actttgccaa cgccgacgcg gttgtcaact ttgcccaggc caacggcaag 1740 ctcatccgcg gccacaccct cctctggcac tctcagctgc cgcagtgggt gcagaacatc 1800 aacgaccgca acaccttgac ccaggtcatc gagaaccacg tcaccaccct tgtcactcgc 1860 tacaagggca agatcctcca ctgggacgtc gttaacgaga tctttgccga ggacggctcg 1920 ctccgcgaca gcgtcttcag ccgcgtcctc ggcgaggact ttgtcggcat cgccttccgc 1980 gccgcccgcg ccgccgatcc caacgccaag ctctacatca acgactacaa cctcgacatt 2040 gccaactacg ccaaggtgac ccggggcatg gtcgagaagg tcaacaagtg gatcgcccag 2100 ggcatcccga tcgacggcat cggcacccag tgccacctgg ccgggcccgg cgggtggaac 2160 acggccgccg gcgtccccga cgccctcaag gccctcgccg cggccaacgt caaggagatc 2220 gccatcaccg agctcgacat cgccggcgcc tccgccaacg actacctcac cgtcatgaac 2280 gcctgcctcc aggtctccaa gtgcgtcggc atcaccgtct ggggcgtctc tgacaaggac 2340 agctggaggt cgagcagcaa cccgctcctc ttcgacagca actaccagcc aaaggcggca 2400 tacaatgctc tgattaatgc cttgtaagag gaggtatatt atttttagag gcaatgaagc 2460 taggaggaaa gaggggaagt gaggtaatta gctaggacag gcaaatctag cagcaattat 2520 aagtcaacac tatataaaat attcctataa tggcttgtgc ttcggtgtgc aaaaaaaaaa 2580 aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaac tcaaaaacaa aaatgatcca acatgattcg 2640 aaatggcgac cttgcaaatg cacacctcag ataataccac tatacaatac accttaaatg 2700 gcacctaaat ccatttgtct gcggtcatag acggggctta agaagcctgg gatgcaggtg 2760 tcgatgcaag ggttacgtca gtgtatgata tgagtatgaa ccatgctgtc tgggtaattc 2820 tccactttcc ctccccttac gactcttcgg gtgtgcctct ctagaaagtc gactcctggc 2880 gcctcagatc gccctttggc tctgttcggt acaatgacgt ccgctggttt cttccaaaga 2940 ccaggtattt ctcccgtggc aacaaagaat accaaatacc tatatcgaac cgtagtcttc 3000 tgataattag atgtctctca aggcgcgg 3028 3 3036 DNA Chrysosporium lucknowense 3 ccgccctgga gcgtggaccg tggggacagg cggcaaatga gaccctattg gggcgcatcg 60 acggtgcaga accgaggttc cgggaccttg gcagagcggc ccagggaccc cgccatccag 120 ctatgcgcct ccacagaagc cgaccgatgc tcgggttgca tcccgagatc gtcggtatta 180 aggagagggg agaagaagaa gggggggggg gggggggaat gagacaacaa cactcaggcg 240 cgccaattag aacttcaacg agcctccttc ctgcatccag acaagaccga ggtcgagccg 300 ggtactatgc aagcgtcccg tgccgcgtga tgtcgctcgt aggtgttgac aggttctcag 360 ctgtttcttg aatccccggg aggtggacta aaggggcaag agaccatggt aagctccgtc 420 gccagccctc ccgttgcgga gcggaagccg aggaccgacc ttcttctgga gaacccgggc 480 tgcccgggcg gaggcgggtt ccgccttttt tttaaccagt ccgagttgtt gtcgcgaact 540 gcgctcggtt gcaacgtcag tgtccaatcg gcaggcgtat cgcgacccgg taagggggtt 600 acggcatgtg ttctcggctt ccgcacatca aaacttactc gtattcgtcc tgaccttggt 660 aattaattat gtcgcaagac aaggagttgt ttgagacgac tccggcgcgc ataattacac 720 agtggtgcag tattatatat ctttctcccg tagggacgac gacaaagacc cgtcagtgat 780 taataataat tagtagcagt ttctttcttt caagactcaa gaatactcct ttccgccatc 840 gtggcagcgt ttagattcat catgcagccg tttctgctct tgttcctctc gtcggtcacg 900 gcggcgagcc ccctgacggc gctcgacaag cggcagcagg cgacgttgtg cgagcagtac 960 ggctactggt cgggcaacgg ttacgaggtc aacaacaaca actggggcaa ggattcggcc 1020 tcgggcggcc atcagtgcac ctacgtcgac agcagcagct ccagcggcgt cgcctggcac 1080 acgacctggc agtgggaagg aggccagaac caggtcaaga gcttcgccaa ctgcggcctg 1140 caggtgccca agggcaggac catctcgtcc atcagcaacc tgcagacctc catctcgtgg 1200 tcctacagca acaccaacat ccgcgccaac gtggcctacg acctcttcac cgcggcagac 1260 ccgaaccacg cgaccagcag cggcgactac gagctcatga tctggtcagt tttttttttc 1320 ttttttcttt tcttctcttt tcttttcttt tcctttctcc tgttttattt tcttatccat 1380 tgcttcgccc tctttcctta accctgctga ctctctcttc ttgtcaatga tactgtaata 1440 ggctggcgag attcggcgac gtctacccca tcggctcgtc ccagggccac gtcaacgtgg 1500 ccggccagga ctgggagctg tggacgggct tcaacggcaa catgcgggtc tacagcttcg 1560 tagcgcccag cccccgcaac agcttcagcg ccaacgtcaa ggacttcttc aactatctcc 1620 agtccaacca gggcttcccg gccagcagcc aataccttct cagtaaggag acgagatctc 1680 gaacagcata ccatatatgc gtgcggtaca agtgcactaa cccccttttt tttcccgttc 1740 gcagtcttcc aggcgggcac cgagcccttc accggcggcg agaccaccct taccgtcaac 1800 aactactctg caagggttgc ttaaacagga aggccgagga tggcccccaa ggccgttgcg 1860 ggttcacgag ctctcttctt ttcaagtgct gtacatacat aattagcgta ccaagtcata 1920 gctgtttgtc agcttcaaac taagtgctcg cccacaaaag aggggggagg ggaaaataac 1980 aaattgccga acgcagtgat aagcttctgg gagcgttgaa agcagtctac agtaggtggc 2040 tgyacgaagg aaaagagtgc cttattaaag ctatctacaa aggagacaaa acgactgata 2100 tttatggaca aagggactgg ccaatgcgtt aaacagcctc atacagctgt agcatatata 2160 tggctaatac gtttggaagc tctatagctt ccgacacacc ccctagttaa acgtagtagt 2220 cgtttaacta cgctttgygg tgatactgtt cttggtatta tatcctttgt cgctcttacc 2280 tcgatagctc cttcaggggg cctgccttct gtattcggaa gtctaaaaga gtcgagtata 2340 gtagagcgat tcctttaaag ctatagatca aatatggcca ttataactat agtagtaata 2400 gtattactag ttttaatcat aatagtaata ataggatgac gcctcttatg cttgaatcaa 2460 tagatgactc gttaggtcta cctattacaa acactataac tgctagtagg tcgactcctg 2520 ctcctataac acctcgtaag tataagtata ctaaagcttc tataccgtaa gtgttcctat 2580 tgtccctatt tgattaactt tattactagt tttgtagttt tcttagtagt tctagcgatt 2640 taagcgagtt tacgtggttc ggcttcttct ggttaatttg atagcgactc tatcacagtt 2700 tctagcgctt tactagtcac gtctagatcg tttaagctga ctaaatatag caacatcgaa 2760 gctagcgagc tttgtaaggt accctataga atatatatac ggtcggctct agtaggacgt 2820 tcttttagca aatgtcacga tcattccggc gttagctcct actattacta ttatacctat 2880 agttcctata agtgtaggga gatatacgtt aatcgcctat acgtctaata gctcttataa 2940 tacttatact aactataatg gtagtcttgc ttcttatatt aggtcggcta aggacttaac 3000 gaaggctcta atggatagag ctaaggcttc tataag 3036 4 2547 DNA Chrysosporium lucknowense 4 tgagcagcaa tgagcagcaa tgagcattcc tgggccaccg agtctgagtg ccagtacgga 60 gtatcgtact tcgtaccggg gtttgatttg gtgacggtgc ttttcacctc tcgatgcccg 120 aaatcgggtc taagctgagt ttgatcaaat atgtgactcc aacatcgccc ccttcggcaa 180 accccgtcga cacgtgtgtc atccttccat tgcaagcgat cactcgcagg gcgtgacgat 240 gaacgagatt tttgcccgga ccgattcgcg gatatagcgg cagccgacca gccctaccac 300 actgatggcc gtgtcactag tgtatgctcc cagaaccgca agcatacact gggcaatgct 360 tggtatgcag ttgaggcagc tttatgtttc catacccttc cacttcggct cggggactcg 420 gcggggtcgc ggaagtttga cggcagccgt cgggccttag gccgagatta ccgtggttgt 480 ggcccagttt tagccgttcc cgtccgtttc ctaccggacc atgattttcg tgaaccattg 540 caatcccgaa gcgcatttcc gacgttaagg agttacctcc gctgcccaga attcatgatc 600 gtggccggct caaggcagcg tggcggggca tccgtgtcaa gctcccagga ggaggtgcgc 660 gatttcaaat ccgggccaaa acaggccaag actggctggc caaaaaaagg agcgtagacg 720 gcccgggaca tcggacgtca gctcgcagcc acccaaaacc ggtccgatct actcgcttac 780 tgtggtagtt caggtacttt tgagtagtaa aaacgctacg gcagggccgg ggggttcccc 840 ggtgacggag gtgcctctgc ggtggcgaac atcccacgca ctctcgagct acggtgacac 900 ctcgtgtcct gttggtcttg caatgctggg gcggcaggaa atgcgtcgcg ctcctcccgg 960 ccaagaccta aaacagacag cgccgcaaag tcgctcacta gcaccgcgaa acgaagatgc 1020 cccacctcaa cgcaatctgt gatgcaagca attgggaagg ctcaccccac ctcagcgagg 1080 ggctcaacca tttttattat cagctcatgc caccacaaca tgactgtttt ctttccttgc 1140 tcatcccaca tttgacaaaa atcgtcgatt aatctctttc catacaggcc gtccgcgctc 1200 tgataaccac ataaaagtct cttcagtcaa cagctcaaag ctccctcatc cctccaggta 1260 agcagccaaa gagctccccc acggaccccg cactgcctca tcccgcctgt atcggacctg 1320 cgcgacccag cagagaatcc caaacctttg ctgcttgctg cccggttccg gactgagctg 1380 caacccaagc ctttaaaaag cttttccctt ctcccacggt gtcaactctg tcctatccct 1440 ccgacatccg ttgagctcaa caactccccg aaccttttac cccgcgccga gctacccctc 1500 catcaaacca ccctgacagc tcgctcactc acctccccac atcacagaaa tcaaaatgac 1560 tatcaaggtc ggcatcaacg gtttcggccg tatcggccgt atcgtcttcc gcaactccat 1620 cgagcactcg gatgtcgaga tcgttgccgt caacgacccc ttcattgagc ccaagtacgc 1680 tgtaagtagt tttttttttc cttcctcgcg ttctttcctg ttccatcgac agtacgagat 1740 gatcttgcag gcggatcgga gctaaccgcg attgtcgtac aggagtacat gctcaagtat 1800 gactcgaccc acggtatctt caacggcacc atcgccgtcg agggcaacga cctcattgtc 1860 aacggcaaga gggtcaagtt ctacactgag cgggmccccg ccaacattcc ctggarggaa 1920 actggtgccg agtacatmrt cgagtcgacc ggtgtgttca ccamcaccsa gaaggctagc 1980 gcccacctca agggcggcgc caagcgcgtc atcatctctg ctccctcggc cgatgccccc 2040 atgtacgtca tgggcgtcaa cgagaagacc tacgacggca aggcccaggt catctctaac 2100 gcctcgtgca ccaccaactg cctggctccc ctcgccaagg tcatccacga caagttcggc 2160 ctcgttgagg gtctcatgac caccgtccac tcctacactg ccacccagaa gaccgtcgat 2220 ggtccctctg ccaaggactg gcgtggtggc cgtggtgctg ctcagaacat catccccagc 2280 agcactggcg ccgccaaggc cgtcggcaag gtcatccctg agctcaacgg caagctcacc 2340 ggcatgtccc tccgtgtccc cacccccaac gtttccgttg tcgacctcac ctgccgcctc 2400 gagaaggagg ctacctacga cgacatcaag gccgccatca aggaggccgc cgccggcccc 2460 ctcaagggtg agttatctgg ttcctttttt tttttttgga gaacgacaca tgctgataaa 2520 acccaggcat cctcgactac actgagg 2547 5 5046 DNA Chrysosporium sp. 5 gcttaggaga atcacgagaa gctaattggg ctctatagta tccgacaaga tgacccagag 60 cgagattgag gatctcgagg gaaccctgaa gcagagcagc aacaacgaca ccagcctcct 120 ccgcgacctg ctcgacaaga ttcccgatgg cctcctcggc ggcaacaaca aatccaagct 180 ggacgatatc cagagcaacg cgcaggccgc gcagatggag aacctgagcg tctcgccgcg 240 ggaacccgag gagctgacca gatacgtcca ggaagtgttc cgtcagatca tgcccgccat 300 caagttccat gaccagcttc tccaggacat ctcggaggcc atcgacaaga tcccggtgct 360 gcccaagatt gtggagcagc tggaggagca gatgtccatc tttgtattcc agatcatggc 420 cccgttcgtg gttccgctta tcgagcagat caagaacgag ctcgcgactg gctccagcga 480 gatcatccag agcagcaggg ctgagcagca caacgtcttt gaggacgaca acgccaccga 540 cccgactcac tcgatgttgg ccaaggacca ctttagtaac gtaaagccga ccctaatcag 600 aagctcgcat gtagaattga gttagactga cgcgacttgt ttcccgtctc tgtagatcct 660 caacgagatc ggcggtcgcg ccgcctccaa ggtcgtctcc tgggtcgtcc cgcagctcat 720 ggaggcctgg gacgatgaca gcgtcgacgt ggaccgcctg cttgacaaga tcatttacgg 780 agtgttccac catcccgcgc agcgcaccat gggccctgag ggggcgtccg agggccggga 840 gctcatcttc aacatggtgc gcgagtggtg ggaggacatg agcgacgggc agcgcgacga 900 gtaccggggc aagctgagcc gcgagggagt cgagagaggc gacaaccacc gcgagggcca 960 gcacgactgc ggccacggct gcgggggcaa gctcaagatg cacaagaact tccggaacga 1020 ggcgccccag acggtagagg accagatcgc gggcgccgcc gcggaggcca tcatgggagg 1080 cgtcaagcag ggcctgtcgc aggccgtgca gaacgccgcc ggccgccagg agtcgtcgga 1140 gagcagcggc ctgggtgggt tcatcagcag cgtcgcgggc ggcctcctgg gcggcgccct 1200 caagagggac gagacagagt cgtaccaggc cggcggccgc accgaggacg gcgggtacac 1260 gcagaccacg accgagtacg gctactccgg aggccgctac ggccaggccc agtacacgga 1320 gacgcagtac ggcggcggcg gcggcggccg cagcgagtac cgccgctacg agcagcgcga 1380 ggatgatgac ggccgggtcc agagctacgg atacacggaa cagcgcaccg agacgcgcta 1440 cgacagctac tcgggtggct atggcggccg cgaggagacc agcagctatg gcggcggcgg 1500 cagcgcgagc gaatacattc gtagctccca gcagagtagc tacggtggca gcggctatgg 1560 cagtgggtac ggtcgtcgtg atgaagaaga gagcagcggc tatggaagtg gttacggtcg 1620 tcgtgatgaa gaggagagtg gtggttatgg tggcggctat ggccgccgtc aggaagaaga 1680 gagtagcagc tatggaagcg gttatggtcg tcgtcgtgat gaagaagaga gcggcggtta 1740 tggtggtggc tacggccgcc gtcaggaaga agagagtagc ggctatggaa gtggttacgg 1800 tcgtcgtgat gaagaaggga gcggcggtta tggtggtggc tacggccgcc gtcatgagga 1860 agagagcagt ggttacggca gcggctatgg tcgtcgccat gaagaggagg gcggtggcta 1920 cggcagtggt tacggccgcc ggcgcaacga cgaggaggaa gaggaggatg gcggacgccg 1980 gaggtggggt tactagggtg aactcttccg gccggtctct tgttgtgaac cttgctgttg 2040 catgggcagg accggtgcat catgaacagg acggtgcgct gtgttttttt tttctcgggg 2100 tcttgattgt ttgttgaatc tcccttttcg aggatacgag ctctctcggg gacgaataga 2160 tgaaggcaat ctgacagatt tgctctcaaa aaaagactga tatctcttcc accatgcact 2220 gtatgtacat tacatacatt atccccctcc actggattcg cacaacggaa agcaatggcg 2280 cgctgattca agaaccatca gggctgtcat tggcttgttt tgtgccgtgg ccgcggtgac 2340 gcccactatg actctctggg caggcggcaa ctgggtgcca gatatattaa tccggggcat 2400 agcgcatatc ttccttgatt tgtagagtac tagtacacta acccccttct ccacatgggg 2460 ccactgttcg gtagatctgc ccgaagtgca agtgcggggg gggccaaact aggtaatatc 2520 ctcccgctct cccgagtgcg cggactaacc gtcattgctc ccagaggctt gcactctatc 2580 gcaggccttt tccaataagg atggggcgtt cggcggtgat gatgccggtc gtgcggggca 2640 tacggggagg gtagatagaa aataacgacg ctggtgtttt ggagagggga gggggactat 2700 taggggaggg aaatacaggg gcagggggtg agacgggtga cgttccggcg gaacctcgcg 2760 cttgtcaaac aagcagccct gttaggttgc tctagactag tgtacataca tacatatgta 2820 catactgtat gtactgcaca tactttaact tggtgcttcc ctgtgagccg ccaggaacat 2880 cacaactgca agcggaaaag gccccatata cggggcggct tgtcgggatg gctcccccct 2940 tcggaacggg tctgacttcc gaggatttta cctgcttcat ttgggtattc tgcgatggcc 3000 tgttcaaccc ttcccctggc cgaaccgttt cttggctcga tcctagtgta cactacacta 3060 ctcgtagact gcctgcccga cgatccgcgg gaacgggcca ggagtgtgga gtggagacgg 3120 gcggcggtga tgtcgtgtaa ttaaatatat aagtgagagt gttttttgac tgccccgggt 3180 tctggtagtt gaagggaagt tcgatgctct ctgctgtcgt cgctctcgtc gctctcgtcg 3240 gcatcctcca tccgtccgcc tttgataacc cgctccccga ctcagtcaag acgacgcata 3300 cttggcacca tgcatctctc cgccaccacc gggttcctcg ccctcccggc cctggccctg 3360 gcccagctct cgggcagcgg ccagacgacc cggtactggg actgctgcaa gccgagctgc 3420 gcctggcccg gcaagggccc ctcgtctccg gtgcaggcct gcgacaagaa cgacaacccg 3480 ctcaacgacg gcggctccac ccggtccggc tgcgacgcgg gcggcagcgc ctacatgtgc 3540 tcctcccaga gcccctgggc cgtcagcgac gagctgtcgt acggctgggc ggccgtcaag 3600 ctcgccggca gctccgagtc gcagtggtgc tgcgcctgct acgagctgac cttcaccagc 3660 gggccggtcg cgggcaagaa gatgattgtg caggcgacca acaccggtgg cgacctgggc 3720 gacaaccact ttgacctggc cgtgagttgc ctccccttct ccccggaccg ctcagattag 3780 atgagattag actttgctcg taaatcggtc caagattccc ttgactgacc aacaaacatc 3840 atacgggcag atccccggtg gcggtgtcgg tattttcaac ggtaagctgg tgcccccgga 3900 cccctccccg gacccctccc ccttttcctc cagcgagccg agttgggatc gccgagatcg 3960 agaactcaca caacttctct ctcgacagcc tgcaccgacc agtacggcgc tcccccgaac 4020 ggctggggcg accgctacgg cggcatccat tccaaggaag agtgcgaatc cttcccggag 4080 gccctcaagc ccggctgcaa ctggcgcttc gactggtacg ttgctttgac ataccggaac 4140 ccaattcctc caaccccccc ccttttctcc cccaactccg ggggtagtcg gaatgtcgcg 4200 actgacccta tttcaggttc caaaacgccg acaacccgtc ggtcaccttc caggaggtgg 4260 cctgcccgtc ggagctcacg tccaagagcg gctgctcccg ttaagaggga agagaggggg 4320 ctggaaggac cgaaagattc aacctctgct cctgctgggg aagctcgggc gcgagtgtga 4380 aactggtgta aatattgtgg cacacacaag ctactacagt ccgtctcgcc gtccggctaa 4440 ctagccttgc tgcggatctg tccatcttcg gtccgaactg tccgttgctg ttttggctcg 4500 gtgcctcatc ttctcccaac ctagtcaaga atgaatcgtg agagaggctg agagagataa 4560 gatcgacttc agaaatccag ggttgaaagc aataaaaaaa attcctgtgg gatgaatatc 4620 tcgtgatgca acgaccctcc taggaaacct tgacgaaatt tgctgacggc aaattcttca 4680 aagactcgtt aaccggtcgc ccgtagtggt cctgttgccc caatccgttt gtgttgaaat 4740 gacattgcgc gtaacgccgg actcatatca actgcgtacc gaaagccaat ccctccccaa 4800 acacgccctc tctaataagc tctcccaaac aagacctctt gagacagaaa atacgcccag 4860 atgctgagga cttgacaagc cggggggggg ggggggcttg tcaagtgcaa aaacttgccc 4920 atttcatgct ggtatcaaaa aaacaaaaaa aaaaaaaaac atttcaagtc gcggatgccc 4980 catttacatt gcttgcgtgc gccaatagaa acttgcaaca cgtcagtgtc atcttgcacg 5040 ccttgg 5046 6 4376 DNA Chrysosporium sp. 6 ggatccacac ctaccatacc ggatagtatg ctacccaagt gacatagggt tggtaaagta 60 atacgagaac tcagagagca ctgcccatat ggctcgccaa tgacctcaag tgccaggtca 120 gctttgcgag acagacctga gcgcgtcgga tgtgtgacat ggaacgcgcc ggatcgcctt 180 gttgattaat tatagggaag tagcgaggaa ggtttcagca attgacgtga gcgtacatta 240 aaagctgtat gatttcagga agacgagcca tggaccaggt ttcaaggctg aatggcttga 300 cgacttaagc accgaacgag gaatgaaaga atgaaaagtg ggggatcatt ctggcccctc 360 ctcgtatgtc gagtgttaaa gaaggcggtt ctacggagga cctaaagagc tccaatttgc 420 tctgttgagc ttaagccaca tatctcaaga tgaatacatg tcaggcatag tcaccctgat 480 cttgttcatc agtccacaca cttttcagtt cagcatgttg attcctcatc catatcactt 540 tccattacta tctctttatg tccttggtca agactccaag gaaccgatag gtgagcatcg 600 gtgaggctcc ctcaaggtac caaagtagcc atcatcaccg aggtctggga atggcgccgt 660 gcccgatctg agtcctccaa ctccacggta cgacgacagc acgtcacatt gacgcaccac 720 ggttgaacaa gcagagaggg acacgtcttg ctacgcgaat cctggcactg gatggagacg 780 cgtgtgagca ggtttccgga accatgacgg cctggtccgg cttctcgaac aaagaagtgg 840 aacacaaaaa gaaccgaaac ggaaacgcag gcacggcatc gacgaccgga ttgtcccacg 900 gggacctcgg ccagtcaagc gttgccctgg ccgtcagctc cctggcgacg gggattcagc 960 acatctcacg ttataggcga cctcatcccc cttccgtctt gtgcggtcgt tgctccgtgc 1020 cgagtaccca ggcgtgccgg ggcctttagc cggggcggaa tcagagtcaa gatgcggccg 1080 aattggacgg cagacgaagt ttcgtagagg gtcatgatcg gcactgacga cacccacccc 1140 tgcgtgatcc cgtggccctg ggctgggaat tgccggctaa taatctacgg cttaatagat 1200 atgcactttg cacgcggtgc agataaataa gctgtggttt caaacactgg cctccgtact 1260 ttacccacca actgccgctt agcgccggga cctgagtctt gggagtgcgc ggagcggcag 1320 ccacctcggg ttagcgtaca cacgacggct gcatgcgggg atgccgcgtg catggcttca 1380 tagtgtacga cagaccgtca agtccaaatc tgggtgatgc ttgatgagat gacagcgagc 1440 cccgtcggcg gcaccccggc tatgcatcgc gaattgacaa cactctcagc tctattgcga 1500 cccatcggat aaaagaagaa gaaaaaaatg gaccttgagt acgggcgtca gaaaccaaaa 1560 aaaaactccg gaaccaaata tgtcgggcat ggccggggtg aacgaccgct actccccgtt 1620 cccttcttcg caaacagaac gctacagagg gttttctggt ttgtcaaaga gttcggaggt 1680 cctctgctcc gcgaatgcgt ggtgaaccca ccagcagcca ttgttcttgc atgcgtggcg 1740 gaccgttagc cgctgatcga catggcgagc ttcccacctc agacctggag cagacggttg 1800 cgaggagcaa ggggctgccc tccccctgac ggtcggaccc caatgacttc cccaaacggg 1860 gacatcgagg gtcgtgcatg atggtggaaa gtagttgcag tatgggaagt accccgggtt 1920 gccaggaacc gttgttcggc cccccacatt ttctctctgc catgtcaact gtgtgtcgtt 1980 cgagagttcc tggctccggc cccccgtcca attccctaac gggaccgcgg ggcatcgcct 2040 gtaactaact tccaaatgaa gccggatatg agggagggag attggatctg gcaagccagc 2100 cattcgctgc gatcggcact cgtccgtcag ccccgcagtc catatcccca aaggcaactg 2160 ctcggcgcgg ctcaagtctt cttcggaacg tccagcccga aggcgcgcgc cagcaccggc 2220 cctatgttcc tgattgcgat cctcgatctc cagagacggg tcacctcgcc tcgaggacgg 2280 tgcaggggca tcggcttcgc ttcctagagc tccgggctgt gtgtggtcaa ggggagaagg 2340 cggcggcgcc aaggtgcgtc tcggcgcact cacccatcgc ctttaccccc ctccccccca 2400 gtatataaaa gatggccatc gtctcctcgt ctgcttggga agaaaggatc tctcgaccat 2460 gcaccacagc ctagctctaa cccagcttgt cgtgtgttgt tgcccagcat gaagttcgtg 2520 cagtccgcca ccctggcgtt cgccgccacg gccctcgctg cgccctcgcg cacgactccc 2580 cagaagcccc gccaggcctc ggcgggctgc gcgtcggccg tgacgctcga tgccagcacc 2640 aacgtgttcc agcagtacac gctgcacccc aacaacttct accgtgccga ggtcgaggct 2700 gccgccgagg ccatctccga ctcggcgctg gccgagaagg cccgcaaggt cgccgacgtc 2760 ggtaccttcc tgtggctcga caccatcgag aacattggcc ggctggagcc cgcgctcgag 2820 gacgtgccct gcgagaacat cgtgggtctc gtcatctacg acctcccggg ccgtgactgc 2880 gcggccaagg cctccaacgg cgagctcaag gtcggcgagc tcgacaggta caagaccgag 2940 tacatcgaca gtgagttaac cctttgtggc cccttctttt cccccgagag agcgtctggt 3000 tgagtggggt tgtgagagag aaaatggggc gagcttaaag actgacgtgt tggctcgcag 3060 agatcgccga gatcctcaag gcccactcca acacggcctt cgccctcgtc atcgagcccg 3120 actcgctccc caacctggtc accaatagcg acctgcagac gtgccagcag agcgcttccg 3180 gctaccgcga gggtgtcgcc tatgccctca agcagctcaa cctccccaac gtggtcatgt 3240 acatcgatgc cggccacggt ggctggctcg gctgggacgc caacctcaag cccggcgccc 3300 aggagctcgc cagcgtctac aagtctgctg gttcgccctc gcaagtccgc ggtatctcca 3360 ccaacgtggc tggttggaac gcctggtaag acactctatg tccccctcgt cggtcaatgg 3420 cgagcggaat ggcgtgaaat gcatggtgct gacctttgat cttttccccc tcctataggg 3480 accaggagcc cggtgagttc tcggacgcct cggatgccca gtacaacaag tgccagaacg 3540 agaagatcta catcaacacc tttggcgctg agctcaagtc tgccggcatg cccaaccacg 3600 ccatcatcga cactggccgc aacggtgtca ccggtctccg cgacgagtgg ggtgactggt 3660 gcaacgtcaa cggcgccggc ttcggtgtgc gcccgactgc caacactggc gacgagctcg 3720 ccgacgcctt cgtgtgggtc aagcccggtg gcgagtccga cggcaccagc gactcgtcgg 3780 cggcgcgcta cgacagcttc tgcggcaagc ccgacgcctt caagcccagc cccgaggccg 3840 gtacctggaa ccaggcctac ttcgagatgc tcctcaagaa cgccaacccg tccttctaag 3900 ctcctcgacg gcttcttgct gtcagtcgct ctgacggtgg tgtgctggtg gtgcccctgc 3960 tcctgctgct gctgctccgc ggggagggga ggcaacgaaa atgaagtcct gcttcaaaac 4020 aaaacagaaa caagcgaggc gcggtgcaat ggtcgtgcgt tcgtcttttt tcatgttccc 4080 ttctagtgta gtagtttgat agtcgtacat aaggggtttc agaaccgtct ctctgtctcg 4140 gtctttttgc gagttgttgc gactcgtgat tatggccttt gttgctcgtt gcggcagagt 4200 agaaccacag cgtgttgggg tagcagcttg ctccgtagga cgtagggaaa caacctgaga 4260 ctctggaatt gcagtcagcc tgcgtcgccc ctctaggaaa cgaaggggag aaccagtagt 4320 ggctgcagct tacaaacgcg agcatggtga acatctccga gaaaagggag ggatcc 4376 7 440 DNA Chrysosporium sp. 7 tgaccttctc ctccttctcc cgaacaataa tagataatta cgagccggtt cgaggctgac 60 attgcgcgat tctagcgagc cgcaatcaat tcaactttgc caacgccgac gcggttgtca 120 actttgccca ggccaacggc aagctcatcc gcggccacac cctcctctgg cactctcagc 180 tgccgcagtg ggtgcagaac atcaacgacc gcaacacctt gacccaggtc atcgagaacc 240 acgtcaccac ccttgtcact cgctacaagg gcaagatcct ccactgggac gtcgttaacg 300 agatctttgc cgaggacggc tcgctccgcg acagcgtctt cagccgcgtc ctcggcgagg 360 actttgtcgg catcgccttc cgcgccgccc gcgccgccga tcccaacgcc aagctctaca 420 tcaacgacta caggtcgaca 440 8 487 DNA Chrysosporium sp. modified_base (61) a, t, c, g, other or unknown 8 gaattcgggg attacgagct aatgatctgg tcagtttttt ttttcttttt tcttttcttc 60 ncttttcttt tcttttcctt tctcctgttt tattttctta tccattgctt cgccctcttt 120 ccttaaccct gctgactctc tcttcttgtc aatgatactg taataggctg gcgagattcg 180 gcgacgtcta ccccatcggc tcgtcccagg gccacgtcaa cgtggccggc caggactggg 240 agctgtggac gggcttcaan ggnaacatgc gggtctacag cttcgtagcg cccanccccc 300 gcaacagntt cagcgccaac gtcaaggact tcttcaacta tctccagtcc aaccagggct 360 tcccggccag cagccaatac cttctcaagt aaggagacga gatctcgaac agcataccat 420 atatgcgtgc ggtacaagtg cactaacccc ctttttttcc cgttcgcagt cttccagttc 480 ggcactg 487 9 472 DNA Chrysosporium sp. modified_base (4) a, t, c, g, other or unknown 9 tttngggcgc cgtcttactc ctaccttgca ccgtgatcgg ccagtcgcgc tgcgagggcg 60 actcgtgcgg cggtacctac agcaccgacc gctatgccgg catctgcgac cccgacggat 120 gcgacttcaa ctcgtaccgc cagggcaaca agaccttcta cggcaagggc atgacggtcg 180 acacgaccaa gaagatcacg gtcgtcaccc agttcctcaa gaactcggcc ggcgagctct 240 ccgagatcaa gcggttctac gtccagaacg gcaaggtcat ccccaactcc gagtccacca 300 tcccgggcgt cgagggcaac tccatcaccc aggactggtg cgaccgccag aaggccgcct 360 tcggcgacgt gaccgacttc caggacaagg gcggcatggt ccagatgggc aaggccctcg 420 cggggcccat ggtcctcgtc atgtccatat gggacgacca cgccagtnaa ca 472 10 526 PRT Chrysosporium lucknowense MOD_RES (249) Variable amino acid 10 Met Tyr Ala Lys Phe Ala Thr Leu Ala Ala Leu Val Ala Gly Ala Ala 1 5 10 15 Ala Gln Asn Ala Cys Thr Leu Thr Ala Glu Asn His Pro Ser Leu Thr 20 25 30 Trp Ser Lys Cys Thr Ser Gly Gly Ser Cys Thr Ser Val Gln Gly Ser 35 40 45 Ile Thr Ile Asp Ala Asn Trp Arg Trp Thr His Arg Thr Asp Ser Ala 50 55 60 Thr Asn Cys Tyr Glu Gly Asn Lys Trp Asp Thr Ser Tyr Cys Ser Asp 65 70 75 80 Gly Pro Ser Cys Ala Ser Lys Cys Cys Ile Asp Gly Ala Asp Tyr Ser 85 90 95 Ser Thr Tyr Gly Ile Thr Thr Ser Gly Asn Ser Leu Asn Leu Lys Phe 100 105 110 Val Thr Lys Gly Gln Tyr Ser Thr Asn Ile Gly Ser Arg Thr Tyr Leu 115 120 125 Met Glu Ser Asp Thr Lys Tyr Gln Met Phe Gln Leu Leu Gly Asn Glu 130 135 140 Phe Thr Phe Asp Val Asp Val Ser Asn Leu Gly Cys Gly Leu Asn Gly 145 150 155 160 Ala Leu Tyr Phe Val Ser Met Asp Ala Asp Gly Gly Met Ser Lys Tyr 165 170 175 Ser Gly Asn Lys Ala Gly Ala Lys Tyr Gly Thr Gly Tyr Cys Asp Ser 180 185 190 Gln Cys Pro Arg Asp Leu Lys Phe Ile Asn Gly Glu Ala Asn Val Glu 195 200 205 Asn Trp Gln Ser Ser Thr Asn Asp Ala Asn Ala Gly Thr Gly Lys Tyr 210 215 220 Gly Ser Cys Cys Ser Glu Met Asp Val Trp Glu Ala Asn Asn Met Ala 225 230 235 240 Ala Ala Phe Thr Pro His Pro Cys Xaa Val Ile Gly Gln Ser Arg Cys 245 250 255 Glu Gly Asp Ser Cys Gly Gly Thr Tyr Ser Thr Asp Arg Tyr Ala Gly 260 265 270 Ile Cys Asp Pro Asp Gly Cys Asp Phe Asn Ser Tyr Arg Gln Gly Asn 275 280 285 Lys Thr Phe Tyr Gly Lys Gly Met Thr Val Asp Thr Thr Lys Lys Ile 290 295 300 Thr Val Val Thr Gln Phe Leu Lys Asn Ser Ala Gly Glu Leu Ser Glu 305 310 315 320 Ile Lys Arg Phe Tyr Val Gln Asn Gly Lys Val Ile Pro Asn Ser Glu 325 330 335 Ser Thr Ile Pro Gly Val Glu Gly Asn Ser Ile Thr Gln Asp Trp Cys 340 345 350 Asp Arg Gln Lys Ala Ala Phe Gly Asp Val Thr Asp Xaa Gln Asp Lys 355 360 365 Gly Gly Met Val Gln Met Gly Lys Ala Leu Ala Gly Pro Met Val Leu 370 375 380 Val Met Ser Ile Trp Asp Asp His Ala Val Asn Met Leu Trp Leu Asp 385 390 395 400 Ser Thr Trp Pro Ile Asp Gly Ala Gly Lys Pro Gly Ala Glu Arg Gly 405 410 415 Ala Cys Pro Thr Thr Ser Gly Val Pro Ala Glu Val Glu Ala Glu Ala 420 425 430 Pro Asn Ser Asn Val Ile Phe Ser Asn Ile Arg Phe Gly Pro Ile Gly 435 440 445 Ser Thr Val Ser Gly Leu Pro Asp Gly Gly Ser Gly Asn Pro Asn Pro 450 455 460 Pro Val Ser Ser Ser Thr Pro Val Pro Ser Ser Ser Thr Thr Ser Ser 465 470 475 480 Gly Ser Ser Gly Pro Thr Gly Gly Thr Gly Val Ala Lys His Tyr Glu 485 490 495 Gln Cys Gly Gly Ile Gly Phe Thr Gly Pro Thr Gln Cys Glu Ser Pro 500 505 510 Tyr Thr Cys Thr Lys Leu Asn Asp Trp Tyr Ser Gln Cys Leu 515 520 525 11 383 PRT Chrysosporium lucknowense 11 Met Arg Thr Leu Thr Phe Val Leu Ala Ala Ala Pro Val Ala Val Leu 1 5 10 15 Ala Gln Ser Pro Leu Trp Gly Gln Cys Gly Gly Gln Gly Trp Thr Gly 20 25 30 Pro Thr Thr Cys Val Ser Gly Ala Val Cys Gln Phe Val Asn Asp Trp 35 40 45 Tyr Ser Gln Cys Val Pro Gly Ser Ser Asn Pro Pro Thr Gly Thr Thr 50 55 60 Ser Ser Thr Thr Gly Ser Thr Pro Ala Pro Thr Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser 65 70 75 80 Gly Thr Gly Leu His Asp Lys Phe Lys Ala Lys Gly Lys Leu Tyr Phe 85 90 95 Gly Thr Glu Ile Asp His Tyr His Leu Asn Asn Asn Ala Leu Thr Asn 100 105 110 Ile Val Lys Lys Asp Phe Gly Gln Val Thr Glu Asn Ser Leu Lys Trp 115 120 125 Asp Ala Thr Glu Pro Ser Arg Asn Gln Phe Asn Phe Ala Asn Ala Asp 130 135 140 Ala Val Val Asn Phe Ala Gln Ala Asn Gly Lys Leu Ile Arg Gly His 145 150 155 160 Thr Leu Leu Trp His Ser Gln Leu Pro Gln Trp Val Gln Asn Ile Asn 165 170 175 Asp Arg Asn Thr Leu Thr Gln Val Ile Glu Asn His Val Thr Thr Leu 180 185 190 Val Thr Arg Tyr Lys Gly Lys Ile Leu His Trp Asp Val Val Asn Glu 195 200 205 Ile Phe Ala Glu Asp Gly Ser Leu Arg Asp Ser Val Phe Ser Arg Val 210 215 220 Leu Gly Glu Asp Phe Val Gly Ile Ala Phe Arg Ala Ala Arg Ala Ala 225 230 235 240 Asp Pro Asn Ala Lys Leu Tyr Ile Asn Asp Tyr Asn Leu Asp Ile Ala 245 250 255 Asn Tyr Ala Lys Val Thr Arg Gly Met Val Glu Lys Val Asn Lys Trp 260 265 270 Ile Ala Gln Gly Ile Pro Ile Asp Gly Ile Gly Thr Gln Cys His Leu 275 280 285 Ala Gly Pro Gly Gly Trp Asn Thr Ala Ala Gly Val Pro Asp Ala Leu 290 295 300 Lys Ala Leu Ala Ala Ala Asn Val Lys Glu Ile Ala Ile Thr Glu Leu 305 310 315 320 Asp Ile Ala Gly Ala Ser Ala Asn Asp Tyr Leu Thr Val Met Asn Ala 325 330 335 Cys Leu Gln Val Ser Lys Cys Val Gly Ile Thr Val Trp Gly Val Ser 340 345 350 Asp Lys Asp Ser Trp Arg Ser Ser Ser Asn Pro Leu Leu Phe Asp Ser 355 360 365 Asn Tyr Gln Pro Lys Ala Ala Tyr Asn Ala Leu Ile Asn Ala Leu 370 375 380 12 247 PRT Chrysosporium lucknowense 12 Met Gln Pro Phe Leu Leu Leu Phe Leu Ser Ser Val Thr Ala Ala Ser 1 5 10 15 Pro Leu Thr Ala Leu Asp Lys Arg Gln Gln Ala Thr Leu Cys Glu Gln 20 25 30 Tyr Gly Tyr Trp Ser Gly Asn Gly Tyr Glu Val Asn Asn Asn Asn Trp 35 40 45 Gly Lys Asp Ser Ala Ser Gly Gly His Gln Cys Thr Tyr Val Asp Ser 50 55 60 Ser Ser Ser Ser Gly Val Ala Trp His Thr Thr Trp Gln Trp Glu Gly 65 70 75 80 Gly Gln Asn Gln Val Lys Ser Phe Ala Asn Cys Gly Leu Gln Val Pro 85 90 95 Lys Gly Arg Thr Ile Ser Ser Ile Ser Asn Leu Gln Thr Ser Ile Ser 100 105 110 Trp Ser Tyr Ser Asn Thr Asn Ile Arg Ala Asn Val Ala Tyr Asp Leu 115 120 125 Phe Thr Ala Ala Asp Pro Asn His Ala Thr Ser Ser Gly Asp Tyr Glu 130 135 140 Leu Met Ile Trp Leu Ala Arg Phe Gly Asp Val Tyr Pro Ile Gly Ser 145 150 155 160 Ser Gln Gly His Val Asn Val Ala Gly Gln Asp Trp Glu Leu Trp Thr 165 170 175 Gly Phe Asn Gly Asn Met Arg Val Tyr Ser Phe Val Ala Pro Ser Pro 180 185 190 Arg Asn Ser Phe Ser Ala Asn Val Lys Asp Phe Phe Asn Tyr Leu Gln 195 200 205 Ser Asn Gln Gly Phe Pro Ala Ser Ser Gln Tyr Leu Leu Ile Phe Gln 210 215 220 Ala Gly Thr Glu Pro Phe Thr Gly Gly Glu Thr Thr Leu Thr Val Asn 225 230 235 240 Asn Tyr Ser Ala Arg Val Ala 245 13 277 PRT Chrysosporium lucknowense MOD_RES (80) Variable amino acid 13 Met Thr Ile Lys Val Gly Ile Asn Gly Phe Gly Arg Ile Gly Arg Ile 1 5 10 15 Val Phe Arg Asn Ser Ile Glu His Ser Asp Val Glu Ile Val Ala Val 20 25 30 Asn Asp Pro Phe Ile Glu Pro Lys Tyr Ala Glu Tyr Met Leu Lys Tyr 35 40 45 Asp Ser Thr His Gly Ile Phe Asn Gly Thr Ile Ala Val Glu Gly Asn 50 55 60 Asp Leu Ile Val Asn Gly Lys Arg Val Lys Phe Tyr Thr Glu Arg Xaa 65 70 75 80 Pro Ala Asn Ile Pro Trp Xaa Glu Thr Gly Ala Glu Tyr Ile Xaa Glu 85 90 95 Ser Thr Gly Val Phe Thr Xaa Thr Xaa Lys Ala Ser Ala His Leu Lys 100 105 110 Gly Gly Ala Lys Arg Val Ile Ile Ser Ala Pro Ser Ala Asp Ala Pro 115 120 125 Met Tyr Val Met Gly Val Asn Glu Lys Thr Tyr Asp Gly Lys Ala Gln 130 135 140 Val Ile Ser Asn Ala Ser Cys Thr Thr Asn Cys Leu Ala Pro Leu Ala 145 150 155 160 Lys Val Ile His Asp Lys Phe Gly Leu Val Glu Gly Leu Met Thr Thr 165 170 175 Val His Ser Tyr Thr Ala Thr Gln Lys Thr Val Asp Gly Pro Ser Ala 180 185 190 Lys Asp Trp Arg Gly Gly Arg Gly Ala Ala Gln Asn Ile Ile Pro Ser 195 200 205 Ser Thr Gly Ala Ala Lys Ala Val Gly Lys Val Ile Pro Glu Leu Asn 210 215 220 Gly Lys Leu Thr Gly Met Ser Leu Arg Val Pro Thr Pro Asn Val Ser 225 230 235 240 Val Val Asp Leu Thr Cys Arg Leu Glu Lys Glu Ala Thr Tyr Asp Asp 245 250 255 Ile Lys Ala Ala Ile Lys Glu Ala Ala Ala Gly Pro Leu Lys Gly Ile 260 265 270 Leu Asp Tyr Thr Glu 275 14 225 PRT Chrysosporium sp. 14 Met His Leu Ser Ala Thr Thr Gly Phe Leu Ala Leu Pro Ala Leu Ala 1 5 10 15 Leu Ala Gln Leu Ser Gly Ser Gly Gln Thr Thr Arg Tyr Trp Asp Cys 20 25 30 Cys Lys Pro Ser Cys Ala Trp Pro Gly Lys Gly Pro Ser Ser Pro Val 35 40 45 Gln Ala Cys Asp Lys Asn Asp Asn Pro Leu Asn Asp Gly Gly Ser Thr 50 55 60 Arg Ser Gly Cys Asp Ala Gly Gly Ser Ala Tyr Met Cys Ser Ser Gln 65 70 75 80 Ser Pro Trp Ala Val Ser Asp Glu Leu Ser Tyr Gly Trp Ala Ala Val 85 90 95 Lys Leu Ala Gly Ser Ser Glu Ser Gln Trp Cys Cys Ala Cys Tyr Glu 100 105 110 Leu Thr Phe Thr Ser Gly Pro Val Ala Gly Lys Lys Met Ile Val Gln 115 120 125 Ala Thr Asn Thr Gly Gly Asp Leu Gly Asp Asn His Phe Asp Leu Ala 130 135 140 Ile Pro Gly Gly Gly Val Gly Ile Phe Asn Ala Cys Thr Asp Gln Tyr 145 150 155 160 Gly Ala Pro Pro Asn Gly Trp Gly Asp Arg Tyr Gly Gly Ile His Ser 165 170 175 Lys Glu Glu Cys Glu Ser Phe Pro Glu Ala Leu Lys Pro Gly Cys Asn 180 185 190 Trp Arg Phe Asp Trp Phe Gln Asn Ala Asp Asn Pro Ser Val Thr Phe 195 200 205 Gln Glu Val Ala Cys Pro Ser Glu Leu Thr Ser Lys Ser Gly Cys Ser 210 215 220 Arg 225 15 395 PRT Chrysosporium 15 Met Lys Phe Val Gln Ser Ala Thr Leu Ala Phe Ala Ala Thr Ala Leu 1 5 10 15 Ala Ala Pro Ser Arg Thr Thr Pro Gln Lys Pro Arg Gln Ala Ser Ala 20 25 30 Gly Cys Ala Ser Ala Val Thr Leu Asp Ala Ser Thr Asn Val Phe Gln 35 40 45 Gln Tyr Thr Leu His Pro Asn Asn Phe Tyr Arg Ala Glu Val Glu Ala 50 55 60 Ala Ala Glu Ala Ile Ser Asp Ser Ala Leu Ala Glu Lys Ala Arg Lys 65 70 75 80 Val Ala Asp Val Gly Thr Phe Leu Trp Leu Asp Thr Ile Glu Asn Ile 85 90 95 Gly Arg Leu Glu Pro Ala Leu Glu Asp Val Pro Cys Glu Asn Ile Val 100 105 110 Gly Leu Val Ile Tyr Asp Leu Pro Gly Arg Asp Cys Ala Ala Lys Ala 115 120 125 Ser Asn Gly Glu Leu Lys Val Gly Glu Leu Asp Arg Tyr Lys Thr Glu 130 135 140 Tyr Ile Asp Lys Ile Ala Glu Ile Leu Lys Ala His Ser Asn Thr Ala 145 150 155 160 Phe Ala Leu Val Ile Glu Pro Asp Ser Leu Pro Asn Leu Val Thr Asn 165 170 175 Ser Asp Leu Gln Thr Cys Gln Gln Ser Ala Ser Gly Tyr Arg Glu Gly 180 185 190 Val Ala Tyr Ala Leu Lys Gln Leu Asn Leu Pro Asn Val Val Met Tyr 195 200 205 Ile Asp Ala Gly His Gly Gly Trp Leu Gly Trp Asp Ala Asn Leu Lys 210 215 220 Pro Gly Ala Gln Glu Leu Ala Ser Val Tyr Lys Ser Ala Gly Ser Pro 225 230 235 240 Ser Gln Val Arg Gly Ile Ser Thr Asn Val Ala Gly Trp Asn Ala Trp 245 250 255 Asp Gln Glu Pro Gly Glu Phe Ser Asp Ala Ser Asp Ala Gln Tyr Asn 260 265 270 Lys Cys Gln Asn Glu Lys Ile Tyr Ile Asn Thr Phe Gly Ala Glu Leu 275 280 285 Lys Ser Ala Gly Met Pro Asn His Ala Ile Ile Asp Thr Gly Arg Asn 290 295 300 Gly Val Thr Gly Leu Arg Asp Glu Trp Gly Asp Trp Cys Asn Val Asn 305 310 315 320 Gly Ala Gly Phe Gly Val Arg Pro Thr Ala Asn Thr Gly Asp Glu Leu 325 330 335 Ala Asp Ala Phe Val Trp Val Lys Pro Gly Gly Glu Ser Asp Gly Thr 340 345 350 Ser Asp Ser Ser Ala Ala Arg Tyr Asp Ser Phe Cys Gly Lys Pro Asp 355 360 365 Ala Phe Lys Pro Ser Pro Glu Ala Gly Thr Trp Asn Gln Ala Tyr Phe 370 375 380 Glu Met Leu Leu Lys Asn Ala Asn Pro Ser Phe 385 390 395 16 121 PRT Chrysosporium sp. 16 Ser Arg Asn Gln Phe Asn Phe Ala Asn Ala Asp Ala Val Val Asn Phe 1 5 10 15 Ala Gln Ala Asn Gly Lys Leu Ile Arg Gly His Thr Leu Leu Trp His 20 25 30 Ser Gln Leu Pro Gln Trp Val Gln Asn Ile Asn Asp Arg Asn Thr Leu 35 40 45 Thr Gln Val Ile Glu Asn His Val Thr Thr Leu Val Thr Arg Tyr Lys 50 55 60 Gly Lys Ile Leu His Trp Asp Val Val Asn Glu Ile Phe Ala Glu Asp 65 70 75 80 Gly Ser Leu Arg Asp Ser Val Phe Ser Arg Val Leu Gly Glu Asp Phe 85 90 95 Val Gly Ile Ala Phe Arg Ala Ala Arg Ala Ala Asp Pro Asn Ala Lys 100 105 110 Leu Tyr Ile Asn Asp Tyr Arg Ser Thr 115 120 17 8 PRT Chrysosporium sp. 17 Gly Asp Tyr Glu Leu Met Ile Trp 1 5 18 73 PRT Chrysosporium sp. MOD_RES (31) Variable amino acid 18 Leu Ala Arg Phe Gly Asp Val Tyr Pro Ile Gly Ser Ser Gln Gly His 1 5 10 15 Val Asn Val Ala Gly Gln Asp Trp Glu Leu Trp Thr Gly Phe Xaa Gly 20 25 30 Asn Met Arg Val Tyr Ser Phe Val Ala Pro Xaa Pro Arg Asn Xaa Phe 35 40 45 Ser Ala Asn Val Lys Asp Phe Phe Asn Tyr Leu Gln Ser Asn Gln Gly 50 55 60 Phe Pro Ala Ser Ser Gln Tyr Leu Leu 65 70 19 154 PRT Chrysosporium sp. 19 Gly Ala Val Leu Leu Leu Pro Cys Thr Val Ile Gly Gln Ser Arg Cys 1 5 10 15 Glu Gly Asp Ser Cys Gly Gly Thr Tyr Ser Thr Asp Arg Tyr Ala Gly 20 25 30 Ile Cys Asp Pro Asp Gly Cys Asp Phe Asn Ser Tyr Arg Gln Gly Asn 35 40 45 Lys Thr Phe Tyr Gly Lys Gly Met Thr Val Asp Thr Thr Lys Lys Ile 50 55 60 Thr Val Val Thr Gln Phe Leu Lys Asn Ser Ala Gly Glu Leu Ser Glu 65 70 75 80 Ile Lys Arg Phe Tyr Val Gln Asn Gly Lys Val Ile Pro Asn Ser Glu 85 90 95 Ser Thr Ile Pro Gly Val Glu Gly Asn Ser Ile Thr Gln Asp Trp Cys 100 105 110 Asp Arg Gln Lys Ala Ala Phe Gly Asp Val Thr Asp Phe Gln Asp Lys 115 120 125 Gly Gly Met Val Gln Met Gly Lys Ala Leu Ala Gly Pro Met Val Leu 130 135 140 Val Met Ser Ile Trp Asp Asp His Ala Ser 145 150 

We claim:
 1. A mutant Chrysosporium strain comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest, said nucleic acid sequence being operably linked to expression-regulating region selected from the group consisting of a promoter sequence associated with cellulase expression, xylanase expression, or gpdA expression; and optionally a secretion signal sequence, said mutant strain expressing said polypeptide of interest at a higher level than the corresponding non-mutant strain under the same conditions.
 2. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 1, said mutant being obtained by recombinant methods comprising stable introduction of at least one heterologous nucleic acid sequence selected from heterologous polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid sequences, heterologous signal sequences and heterologous expression-regulating sequences.
 3. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 2, wherein said mutant strain expresses said polypeptide of interest at a higher level than the corresponding non-mutant strain under the same conditions.
 4. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 1, wherein said polypeptide of interest is a homologous polypeptide which is expressed at a higher level than in the corresponding non-mutant strain under the same conditions.
 5. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 1, wherein said polypeptide of interest is selected from carbohydrate-degrading enzymes, proteases, lipases, esterases, other hydrolases, oxidoreductases and transferases.
 6. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 1, wherein said polypeptide of interest is selected from fungal enzymes allowing production or overproduction of primary metabolites, organic acids, secondary metabolites, and antibiotics.
 7. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 1, wherein said polypeptide of interest is inactivated at a pH below
 6. 8. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 1, wherein said polypeptide of interest exhibits optimal activity and/or stability at a pH above 6, and/or has more than 70% of its activity and/or stability at a pH above
 6. 9. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 1, comprising a heterologous signal sequence.
 10. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 1, wherein said secretion signal sequence is a fungal signal sequence.
 11. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 10, wherein the fungal signal sequence is a signal sequence of a cellulase, β-galactosidase, xylanase, pectinase, esterase, protease, amylase, polygalacturonase or hydrophobin.
 12. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 1, further comprising a selectable marker.
 13. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 12, wherein the selectable marker confers resistance to a drug or relieves a nutritional defect.
 14. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 1, comprising a heterologous expression-regulating region.
 15. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 1, comprising a fungal expression-regulating region.
 16. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 15, wherein the expression-regulating region comprises is an inducible promoter.
 17. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 15, wherein the expression-regulating region comprises a high expression promoter.
 18. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 1, said mutant being obtained by mutagenesis steps, the steps including at least one step chosen from the group consisting of UV irradiation and chemical mutagenesis.
 19. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 18, wherein the mutagenesis steps comprise a first UV irradiation step, a N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment step, and a second UV irradiation step.
 20. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 1, wherein said mutant Chrysosporium strain is a mutant Chrysosporium lucknowense strain.
 21. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 20, wherein said mutant is or is a mutant of a strain selected from the group consisting of C. lucknowense strain C1 (VKM F-3500 D), UV13-6 (VKM F-3632 D), NG7C-19 (VKM F-3633 D), and UV18-25 (VKM F-3631 D).
 22. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 1, wherein, when Trichoderma reesei and said Chrysosporium strain are cultured under conditions optimal for each strain, when the Trichoderma culture attains a viscosity of 200-600 cP, said Chrysosporium strain exhibits a biomass of less than half that of the Trichoderma.
 23. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 1, said strain producing at least the amount of cellulase in moles per liter as produced by any of the Chrysosporium lucknowense mutant strains C1 (VKM F-3500 D), UV13-6 (VKM F-3632 D), NG7C-19 (VKM F-3633 D), and UV18-25 (VKM F-3631 D).
 24. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 1, said strain producing less protease than produced by the Chrysosporium lucknowense strain C1 (VKM F-3500 D).
 25. A mutant Chrysosporium strain according to claim 24, wherein the strain produces less than half the amount of protease produced by the C1 strain. 